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Category:flavoring agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | yellow clear viscous liquid (est) |
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00
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| Additional Assay Information: | polymerizes readly |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Boiling Point: | 72.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Acid Value: | 10.00 max. KOH/g
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| Vapor Pressure: | 120.930000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | 36.00 °F. TCC ( 2.22 °C. )
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| logP (o/w): | -1.500 |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor Type: caramellic |
| sweet acidic ethereal brown rummy |
| Odor Description:at 1.00 % in propylene glycol. sweet acidic ethereal brown rum |
| sweet acidic ethereal brown rummy |
Odor Description:Sweet, acidic, etherial, brown, with a rummy nuance
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 5, 127, (1992) |
| Flavor Type: caramellic |
| sweet caramellic dairy creamy |
Taste Description: at 0.10 %. Sweet, caramellic with a dairy creamy nuance
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 5, 127, (1992) |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| European information : |
| Most important hazard(s): | | Xn - Harmful. |
R 11 - Highly flammable.
R 22 - Harmful if swallowed.
R 36 - Irritating to eyes.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking.
S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 37/39 - Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 1165 mg/kg
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol. 2, Pg. 369, 1978.
intravenous-mouse LD50 252 mg/kg
Cesko-Slovenska Farmacie. Vol. 15, Pg. 300, 1966.
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 179 mg/kg
National Cancer Institute Screening Program Data Summary, Developmental Therapeutics Program. Vol. JAN1986
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | flavoring agents |
| Recommendation for pyruvaldehyde usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 99.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 3.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Structure Class: | I |
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 3 |
| Click here to view publication 3 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | 0.03000 | 5.00000 |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 1.00000 |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | - |
| condiments / relishes: | - | - |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | 1.00000 |
| fruit ices: | - | 1.00000 |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | - |
| hard candy: | 0.03000 | 5.00000 |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | - |
| milk products: | - | - |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | - |
| soups: | - | - |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | acetalformaldehyde | | | acetyl formaldehyde | | | acetylformaldehyde | | | acetylformyl | | | aldehyde, pyruvic | | | glycidylaldehyde | | | glyoxal, methyl | | | methyl glyoxal | | | methyl-glyoxal | | | methylglyoxal | | 2-oxo | propanal | | 2-oxo- | propanal | | | propanal, 2-oxo- | | 1,2- | propanedione | | 2-keto | propionaldehyde | | 2-oxo | propionaldehyde | | 2-oxo- | propionaldehyde | | a-keto | propionaldehyde | | keto | propionaldehyde | | | propionaldehyde, 2-keto | | | propionaldehyde, 2-oxo- | | a-keto | propionic aldehyde | | alpha-keto | propionic aldehyde | | | PVL | | | pyroracemic aldehyde | | | pyruvaldehyde 40% solution in water | | | pyruvic aldehyde | | | pyruvicaldehyde |
Articles:
| PubMed:Formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole and its precursors, α-dicarbonyl compounds, in Maillard model systems. |
| J-Stage:Cleavage of a-Dicarbonyl Compounds by Terpene Hydroperoxide |
| PubMed:Cytotoxicity of α-dicarbonyl compounds submitted to in vitro simulated digestion process. |
| PubMed:Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for reduction of reactive carbonyl species in foods by means of phenolic chemistry. |
| PubMed:Effect of in vitro digestion on free α-dicarbonyl compounds in balsamic vinegars. |
| PubMed:Reactivity of thermally treated α-dicarbonyl compounds. |
| PubMed:Effects of monascin on anti-inflammation mediated by Nrf2 activation in advanced glycation end product-treated THP-1 monocytes and methylglyoxal-treated wistar rats. |
| PubMed:Determination of toxic α-dicarbonyl compounds, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl, released to the headspace of lipid commodities upon heat treatment. |
| PubMed:Antiglycative effect of fruit and vegetable seed extracts: inhibition of AGE formation and carbonyl-trapping abilities. |
| PubMed:Non-enzymatic glycation of melamine with sugars and sugar like compounds. |
| PubMed:Studies on the formation of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone in Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey. |
| PubMed:Resveratrol upregulates Nrf2 expression to attenuate methylglyoxal-induced insulin resistance in Hep G2 cells. |
| PubMed:Trapping of methylglyoxal by curcumin in cell-free systems and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. |
| PubMed:1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in commonly consumed foods. |
| PubMed:Classification and characterization of manuka honeys based on phenolic compounds and methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Short communication: Evidence for methylglyoxal-mediated browning of Parmesan cheese during low temperature storage. |
| PubMed:Flavour chemistry of methylglyoxal and glyoxal. |
| PubMed:Survey of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in commercial honey of different floral origin. |
| PubMed:Effect of coffee filtrate, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and caffeine on Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis survival in ground chicken breasts. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal, advanced glycation end products and autism: is there a connection? |
| PubMed:Phlorotannins from brown algae (Fucus vesiculosus) inhibited the formation of advanced glycation endproducts by scavenging reactive carbonyls. |
| PubMed:Formation of early and advanced Maillard reaction products correlates to the ripening of cheese. |
| PubMed:Chemical modifications of peptides and their impact on food properties. |
| PubMed:Cranberry phytochemicals inhibit glycation of human hemoglobin and serum albumin by scavenging reactive carbonyls. |
| PubMed:Efficiency of trapping methylglyoxal by phenols and phenolic acids. |
| PubMed:Formation of arginine modifications in a model system of Nα-tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-arginine with methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Bacterial metabolic 'toxins': a new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal content in drinking coffee as a cytotoxic factor. |
| PubMed:Maternally transmitted and food-derived glycotoxins: a factor preconditioning the young to diabetes? |
| PubMed:Beneficial effects of cinnamon proanthocyanidins on the formation of specific advanced glycation endproducts and methylglyoxal-induced impairment on glucose consumption. |
| PubMed:Carbonyl compounds methylglyoxal and glyoxal affect interleukin-8 secretion in intestinal cells by superoxide anion generation and activation of MAPK p38. |
| PubMed:Analysis, distribution, and dietary exposure of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in cookies and their relationship with other heat-induced contaminants. |
| PubMed:Stilbene glucoside from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a novel natural inhibitor of advanced glycation end product formation by trapping of methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Carbonated soft drinks and carbonyl stress burden. |
| PubMed:Characterization and the possible formation mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic vegetable soybean (Glycine max L.). |
| PubMed:Food derived carbonyl compounds affect basal and stimulated secretion of interleukin-6 and -8 in Caco-2 cells. |
| PubMed:Protein glycation inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. |
| PubMed:Inhibitory effect of vanillic acid on methylglyoxal-mediated glycation in apoptotic Neuro-2A cells. |
| PubMed:Biosynthetic mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and its relationship with Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and methylglyoxal in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus. |
| PubMed:Identification and monitoring of intermediates and products in the acrylamide pathway using online analysis. |
| PubMed:Formate excretion in urine of rats fed dimethylaminoazobenzene-rich diets: the possibility of formate formation from D-lactate. |
| PubMed:Formation of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone through methylglyoxal: a Maillard reaction intermediate. |
| PubMed:Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of the site specificity of modification of beta-casein by glucose and methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal: its presence and potential scavengers. |
| PubMed:Cytoprotective effects of phenolic acids on methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal: its presence in beverages and potential scavengers. |
| PubMed:Formation of pyrazines and a novel pyrrole in Maillard model systems of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and 2-oxopropanal. |
| PubMed:Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. |
| PubMed:Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal and other carbohydrate metabolites induce lanthanum-sensitive Ca2+ transients and inhibit growth in E. coli. |
| PubMed:Isolation and determination of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD in green and roasted coffee. |
| PubMed:Determination of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in environmental and biological matrices by stir bar sorptive extraction with in-situ derivatization. |
| PubMed:Reducing the formation of glucose degradation products in peritoneal dialysis solutions by ultrahigh temperature ohmic heating. |
| PubMed:Synthesis of 1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid produced by L-lysine-epsilon-aminotransferase from the Streptomyces clavuligerus gene expressed in Escherichia coli. |
| PubMed:Changes in the volatile composition of a semihard ewe milk cheese induced by high-pressure treatment of 300 MPa. |
| PubMed:Effects of high pressure treatment on volatile profile during ripening of ewe milk cheese. |
| PubMed:Investigations on the promoting effect of ammonium hydrogencarbonate on the formation of acrylamide in model systems. |
| PubMed:Characterization of the glyoxalase I gene from the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. |
| PubMed:Trapping reactions of reactive carbonyl species with tea polyphenols in simulated physiological conditions. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal in food and living organisms. |
| PubMed:Free glutamine as a major precursor of brown products and fluorophores in Maillard reaction systems. |
| PubMed:Epicatechin carbonyl-trapping reactions in aqueous maillard systems: Identification and structural elucidation. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal-derived beta-carbolines formed from tryptophan and its derivates in the Maillard reaction. |
| PubMed:Identification of DNA adducts of methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Application of semiquantitative proteomics techniques to the maillard reaction. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of advanced glycation end products and carbonyl compounds in patients with different conditions of oxidative stress. |
| PubMed:D-lactate metabolism in starved Octopus ocellatus. |
| PubMed:Determination of methylglyoxal in ruminal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection. |
| PubMed:Formation of genotoxic dicarbonyl compounds in dietary oils upon oxidation. |
| PubMed:Evidence that high-dose L-arginine may be inappropriate for use by diabetic patients as a prophylactic blocker of methylglyoxal glycation. |
| PubMed:Dietary glycotoxins correlate with circulating advanced glycation end product levels in renal failure patients. |
| PubMed:Kinetic modelling of Amadori N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-glycine degradation pathways. Part I--reaction mechanism. |
| PubMed:Improved superoxide-generating system suitable for the assessment of the superoxide-scavenging ability of aqueous extracts of food constituents using ultraweak chemiluminescence. |
| PubMed:Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. |
| PubMed:Possible mechanism for involvement of cysteine in aroma production in wine. |
| PubMed:Qualitative determination of specific protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry Peptide mapping. |
| PubMed:Carbohydrate and amino acid degradation pathways in L-methionine/D-[13C] glucose model systems. |
| PubMed:N(delta)-(5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine-2-yl)-l-ornithine, a novel methylglyoxal-arginine modification in beer. |
| PubMed:Inhibition of gastric mucosal damage by methylglyoxal pretreatment in rats. |
| PubMed:Origin of carbohydrate degradation products in L-Alanine/D-[(13)C]glucose model systems. |
| PubMed:Performance of a 62Zn/62Cu generator in clinical trials of PET perfusion agent 62Cu-PTSM. |
| PubMed:Origin of 2,3-pentanedione and 2,3-butanedione in D-glucose/L-alanine Maillard model systems. |
| PubMed:Toxicity of low levels of methylglyoxal: depletion of blood glutathione and adverse effect on glucose tolerance in mice. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal modification of protein. Chemical and immunochemical characterization of methylglyoxal-arginine adducts. |
| PubMed:Generation and the fate of C2, C3, and C4 reactive fragments formed in Maillard model systems of [13C]glucose and [13C]glycine or proline. |
| PubMed:Protein modification by a Maillard reaction intermediate methylglyoxal. Immunochemical detection of fluorescent 5-methylimidazolone derivatives in vivo. |
| PubMed:Relative hepatotoxicity of 2-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles and substituted thiobenzamides in mice: evidence for the involvement of thiobenzamides as ring cleavage metabolites in the hepatotoxicity of 2-phenylthiazoles. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal and regulation of its metabolism in microorganisms. |
| PubMed:Analysis of the potential carcinogenicity of coffee and its related compounds in a medium-term liver bioassay of rats. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal and lipid hydroxperoxide as endogenous cytotoxic molecular species: detoxification and regulation of gene expression in yeasts. |
| PubMed:Glyoxalase I in micro-organisms: molecular characteristics, genetics and biochemical regulation. |
| PubMed:Concentrations of D-lactate and its related metabolic intermediates in liver, blood, and muscle of diabetic and starved rats. |
| PubMed:2-Oxoaldehyde metabolism in microorganisms. |
| PubMed:Contribution of coffee aroma constituents to the mutagenicity of coffee. |
| PubMed:L-alanine: 4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas riboflavina: purification and inactivation by methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Metabolism of 2-oxoaldehyde in mold. Purification and characterization of two methylglyoxal reductases from Aspergillus niger. |
| PubMed:Metabolism of 2-ketoaldehydes in mold: purification and characterization of glyoxalase I from Aspergillus niger. |
| PubMed:Simple and sensitive determination of methylglyoxal in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. |
| PubMed:Mutagens in coffee and other beverages. |
| PubMed:Methylglyoxal in beverages and foods: its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. |
| PubMed:Mutagens and carcinogens in foods. |
| PubMed:Bacterial mutagenicity of natural materials, pyrolysis products and additives in foodstuffs and their association with genotoxic effects in mammals. |
| PubMed:Rapid, sensitive assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin and a comparison of serological methods. |
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an organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. it has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals. Flavouring ingredient
Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal (CH3-CO-CH=O or C3H4O2) is the aldehyde form of pyruvic acid. It has two carbonyl groups, so it is a dicarbonyl compound. Methylglyoxal is both an aldehyde and a ketone. (Wikipedia)
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3D/inchi