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laurus nobilis leaf oil
volatile oil obtained from the leaves of the laurel, laurus nobilis l., lauraceae

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Name:laurus nobilis l. leaf oil
CAS Number: 8007-48-5
FDA UNII: Search
MDL:MFCD00677251
Name:laurus nobilis l. oil
CAS Number: 8002-41-3
Other(deleted CASRN):8023-97-0
FDA UNII: Search
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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NCBI:Search
FEMA Number:2125 laurel leaf oil
FDA:No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF):8007-48-5 ; BAY LEAVES, SWEET, OIL (LAURUS NOBILIS L.)
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 182 -- SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE
Subpart A--General Provisions
Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates).
 
Physical Properties:
Appearance:pale yellow to pale green yellow clear liquid (est)
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity:0.90500 to 0.92900 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 7.531 to 7.730
Refractive Index:1.46500 to 1.47000 @ 20.00 °C.
Flash Point: 128.00 °F. TCC ( 53.33 °C. )
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage:store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Soluble in:
 alcohol
Insoluble in:
 water
Stability:
 non-discoloring in most media
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Type: herbal
Odor Strength:medium ,
recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less
Substantivity:117 hour(s) at 100.00 %
herbal eucalyptus spicy terpenic camphoreous medicinal aromatic woody
Odor Description:at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. herbal eucalyptus spicy terpenic camphoreous medicinal aromatic woody
Luebke, William tgsc, (2021)
Odor sample from: Berje Inc.
Flavor Type: herbal
herbal spicy minty aromatic eucalyptus camphoreous woody pimenta pennyroyal
Taste Description: herbal spicy minty aromatic eucalyptus camphoreous woody pimenta pennyroyal
Luebke, William tgsc, (2021)
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
Albert Vieille SAS
Laurel Essential oil Albania
Odor Description:herbaceous, woody with a eucalyptus facet
Laurel, also called by various common names like bay laurel and sweet bay, is a tree that has been linked with prestige throughout history. Its foliage symbolizes glory and success and was used to make the famous laurel wreath of victory. Likely native to the Mediterranean countries and Asia Minor, sweet bay has been in use for thousands of years. It has been widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region since ancient times. The laurel is a conical, evergreen tree with small, yellow, star-shaped flowers that give way to black, fleshy berries. The dark-green, smooth, and powerfully aromatic leaves form the raw material that is distilled for the essential oil. Laurel essential oil has an herbaceous, woody fragrance with a eucalyptus facet. The slightly spicy character is reminiscent of the smell of cajeput.
Hermitage Oils
Laurel Leaf Essential Oil (Sweet Bay)
Odor Description:characteristic
Adam Michael has this to say “Laurel leaf essential oil exudes a delightfully fresh, sweet medicinal, slightly spicy, chewy, eucalyptol aroma, no big difference to crushing the fresh leaves in your hand, albeit the aroma of the oil is stronger and longer lasting.
The Perfumery
Laurel Leaf oil, (Bay Laurel), Crete
Odor Description:characteristic
Laurel Leaf oil, also known as Bay Laurel, has a sweet, pleasant, spicy, somewhat medicinal aroma. The dry out notes are much finer than Eucalyptus or Cajupet. The aroma is clean and has a faint fruitiness. Ancient Greeks and Romans used Laurel leaves to signify glory; even victorious generals were crowned with Laurel leaves.
 
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng:cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: fragrance
perfuming agents
 
Suppliers:
Absolute Cosmetic Essentials
Bay (Laurus nobilis)
Albert Vieille SAS
Laurel Essential oil Albania
Odor: herbaceous, woody with a eucalyptus facet
Use: Laurel, also called by various common names like bay laurel and sweet bay, is a tree that has been linked with prestige throughout history. Its foliage symbolizes glory and success and was used to make the famous laurel wreath of victory. Likely native to the Mediterranean countries and Asia Minor, sweet bay has been in use for thousands of years. It has been widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region since ancient times. The laurel is a conical, evergreen tree with small, yellow, star-shaped flowers that give way to black, fleshy berries. The dark-green, smooth, and powerfully aromatic leaves form the raw material that is distilled for the essential oil. Laurel essential oil has an herbaceous, woody fragrance with a eucalyptus facet. The slightly spicy character is reminiscent of the smell of cajeput.
Harvest Calendar
Augustus Oils
Laurel Leaf Aromatherapy Oil
Services
Berjé
Laurel Leaf Oil Organic
Media
Berjé
Laurel Leaf Oil
Biolandes Parfumerie
laurel leaf oil Morocco
Odor: spicy family / camphoric, diffusive, aromatic
Photo Gallery
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Laurel Oil 95%
Odor: characteristic
Use: Laurel Oil is used in the preparation of cosmetic and edible flavors, as well as in medicines.
Bontoux
LAUREL LEAF ESSENTIAL OIL
Bristol Botanicals
Bay Laurel Essential Oil
Camden-Grey Essential Oils
Bay laurel essential oil
Odor: characteristic
Use: Can be inhaled in a blend for the respiratory system. It is an expectorant. Because of the high amount of phenols, this essential oil is a good antiseptic for the respiratory system. It expels wind and has a tonic effect on the liver and kidneys. Bay laurel may be used for sprains and bruises. Useful as a scalp and hair tonic, recommended for hair loss, greasy hair or flaky scalp. Blends well with bergamot, cedarwood, lemon, rosemary and patchouli.
Charabot
Laurel oil
100% Pure & Natural, Kosher
Odor: Aromatic, fresh, sweet, spicy, lavender, lemony, eucalyptus
Elixens America
Laurel Leaf Essential Oil Yugoslavia
100% Pure and Natural
Ernesto Ventós
LAUREL LEAF OIL
Ernesto Ventós
LAUREL LEAF OIL
Odor: AROMATIC, SPICY
Flavor: AROMATIC, SPICY
Excellentia International
Laurel Leaf Oil
Fleurchem
laurel leaf oil
Global Essence
Laurel Leaf Oil Organic
Global Essence
Laurel Leaf Oil
Global Essence
Laurel Leaf Yugo
Hermitage Oils
Laurel Leaf Essential Oil (Sweet Bay)
Odor: characteristic
Use: Adam Michael has this to say “Laurel leaf essential oil exudes a delightfully fresh, sweet medicinal, slightly spicy, chewy, eucalyptol aroma, no big difference to crushing the fresh leaves in your hand, albeit the aroma of the oil is stronger and longer lasting.
Indukern F&F
LAUREL LEAF OIL
Odor: FRESH, CAMPHORATED, SPICY
Jiangyin Healthway
Laurel leaf oil
New functional food ingredients
Kanta Enterprises
Laurel Leaf Oil
Lionel Hitchen
Laurel (Nobil.) Oil
Lluch Essence
LAUREL LEAF OIL
Lluch Essence
LAUREL LEAF ORGANIC ESS. OIL
Moellhausen
LAUREL NOBLE EO
Odor: balsamic, eugenol and eucalyptol
Flavor: fresh, aromatic
Noble Molecular Research
For experimental / research use only.
Sugandh Kokila Oil
Payand Betrand
Laurel Oil France
Penta International
BAY OIL SWEET (LAURUS NOBILIS L.)
Penta International
LAUREL LEAVES OIL
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils
Laurel Leaf Oil
Quimdis
Laurel Leaf Oil
Reincke & Fichtner
Laurel Leaf Oil organic + NOP
Reincke & Fichtner
Laurel Leaf Oil
Robertet
Laurel Leaves Ess. oil (for fragrance)
Seasons and Harvest / Crop calendar
Robertet
Laurel oil
100% Pure & Natural, Kosher
Odor: Aromatic, fresh, sweet, spicy, lavender, lemony, eucalyptus
SRS Aromatics
LAUREL LEAF OIL
Terpena S.R.L.
LAUREL LEAF OIL (LAURUS NOBILIS OIL)
The John D. Walsh Company
Laurel Leaf Oil
The Lermond Company
LAUREL LEAF OIL P&N - AV
The Lermond Company
LAUREL LEAF OIL, ORGANIC
The Perfumers Apprentice
Laurel – Laurus Nobilis wild (France) J.Steele
The Perfumers Apprentice
Laurel Leaf - (Slovenia)
Odor: spicy woody terpene warm fresh strong sweet camphor spicy
The Perfumery
Laurel Leaf oil, (Bay Laurel), Crete
Odor: characteristic
Use: Laurel Leaf oil, also known as Bay Laurel, has a sweet, pleasant, spicy, somewhat medicinal aroma. The dry out notes are much finer than Eucalyptus or Cajupet. The aroma is clean and has a faint fruitiness. Ancient Greeks and Romans used Laurel leaves to signify glory; even victorious generals were crowned with Laurel leaves.
Ultra International
Sugandh Kokila Oil
Crop Calendar
Vevy Europe
HYDROESSENTIAL LAURUS
Odor: characteristic
Use: fractions of natural oils obtained by molecular distillation, water-soluble without solubilisers or alcohols; having the same aroma and intensity as the original essential oils permitting the preparation of hydrolates (tonics, lotions, aromatic waters, collyries, etc.), entirely natural, with no additives. Exclusive Hydroessentials are available on request.
Zanos
LAUREL NOBLE
 
Safety Information:
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 10 - Flammable.
R 22 - Harmful if swallowed.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 330 ul/kg
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol. 58, Pg. 9, 1997.

oral-mouse LD50 3310 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: COMA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 22, Pg. 777, 1974.

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
contains the following IFRA (Annex) restricted components: (non-analysis max. level reference only)
eugenol Max. Found: 1.1 % and Reason: Sensitization
methyl eugenol Max. Found: 3.00 % and Reason: Potential carcinogenic activity in animals
(E)-2-hexen-1-al Max. Found: trace to <0.10 % and Reason: Sensitization
geraniol Max. Found: 0.05 % and Reason: Sensitization
Recommendation for laurus nobilis leaf oil usage levels up to:
  2.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
 
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -21.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -2.00000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: -2.90000
condiments / relishes: -30.00000
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -1.80000
fruit ices: -1.80000
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -2.60000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
 
Safety References:
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):8007-48-5
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WISER:UN 1169
laurus nobilis l. leaf oil
Chemidplus:0008007485
laurus nobilis l. oil
Chemidplus:0008002413
 
References:
 laurus nobilis l. leaf oil
Canada Domestic Sub. List:8007-48-5
Pubchem (sid):135304193
 laurus nobilis l. oil
Canada Domestic Sub. List:8002-41-3
Pubchem (sid):135322906
 
Other Information:
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
Export Tariff Code:3301.29.6000
Typical G.C.
Wikipedia:View
FAO:BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STEAM DISTILLATION
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
For Odor
amber
cistus ladaniferus resinoid
FL/FR
anisic
bitter
fennel seed oil spain
FR
aromatic
aromatic woody citrus floral fragrance
FR
balsamic
fir needle oil siberia
FL/FR
myrrh oil CO2 extract
FL/FR
opoponax absolute (balsamodendron kafal)
FL/FR
opoponax absolute replacer
FR
citrus
crithmum maritimum oil
FR
dipentene
FL/FR
lemon fragrance
FR
lemon oil c.p. california
FL/FR
lemon specialty
FL/FR
green
perilla alcohol
FL/FR
herbal
ajowan seed oil
FL/FR
apium graveolens seed oil
FL/FR
celery specialty
FR
clary sage oil france
FL/FR
hyssop oil
FL/FR
lavender absolute bulgaria
FL/FR
D-(+)-alpha-
pinene
FL/FR
alpha-
pinene
FL/FR
rosemary oil spain
FL/FR
rosmarinus officinalis extract
FL/FR
thyme absolute
FL/FR
thymol
FL/FR
licorice
(E)-
anethol
FL/FR
bitter
fennel seed oil CO2 extract
FR
medicinal
2-
hydroxybenzaldehyde
FL/FR
summer
savory oil
FL/FR
minty
dihydrocarveol
FL/FR
(-)-iso
pulegol
FL/FR
iso
pulegol
FL/FR
phenolic
ortho-
guaiacol
FL/FR
4-
methyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol
FL/FR
spicy
cinnamon bark oil (cinnamomum zeylanicum) india
FL/FR
cinnamon bark oil ceylon
FL/FR
clove bud oil
FL/FR
clove bud oil replacer
FR
clove fragrance
FR
elettaria cardamomum seed oil
FL/FR
elettaria cardamomum seed oil guatemala
FL/FR
galangal root oil
FL/FR
laurel leaf oil replacer
FR
laurus nobilis fruit oil
FL/FR
myrtenal
FL/FR
nutmeg oil replacer
FR
ocimum gratissimum herb oil india
FR
pepper tree berry oil
FL/FR
pimenta acris leaf oil
FL/FR
white
sassafras oil
FL/FR
zvoulimba leaf oil
FR
terpenic
cypress leaf oil
FR
frankincense oil
FL/FR
hinoki oil replacer
FR
juniperus communis fruit oil
FL/FR
(R)-(-)-alpha-
phellandrene
FL/FR
woody
agarwood oil (aetoxylon sympetalum)
FR
bornyl valerate
FL/FR
camphene
FL/FR
cedarwood oil western red
FR
hedychium spicatum root oil
FR
longifolene
FL/FR
4-iso
propyl phenol
FL/FR
zedoary bark oil
FL/FR
For Flavor
No flavor group found for these
cistus ladaniferus resinoid
FL/FR
laurus nobilis fruit oil
FL/FR
lemon specialty
FL/FR
(R)-(-)-alpha-
phellandrene
FL/FR
D-(+)-alpha-
pinene
FL/FR
white
sassafras oil
FL/FR
anise
anise
(E)-
anethol
FL/FR
balsamic
fir needle oil siberia
FL/FR
myrrh oil CO2 extract
FL/FR
opoponax absolute (balsamodendron kafal)
FL/FR
burnt
4-iso
propyl phenol
FL/FR
camphoreous
camphene
FL/FR
citrus
lemon oil c.p. california
FL/FR
green
dihydrocarveol
FL/FR
herbal
ajowan seed oil
FL/FR
apium graveolens seed oil
FL/FR
clary sage oil france
FL/FR
dipentene
FL/FR
hyssop oil
FL/FR
lavender absolute bulgaria
FL/FR
rosemary oil spain
FL/FR
rosmarinus officinalis extract
FL/FR
thyme absolute
FL/FR
medicinal
summer
savory oil
FL/FR
minty
myrtenal
FL/FR
(1R)-(-)-
myrtenal
FL
iso
pulegol
FL/FR
(-)-iso
pulegol
FL/FR
phenolic
4-
methyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol
FL/FR
thymol
FL/FR
solvent
methyl phenyl sulfide
FL
spicy
cinnamon bark oil (cinnamomum zeylanicum) india
FL/FR
cinnamon bark oil ceylon
FL/FR
clove bud oil
FL/FR
elettaria cardamomum seed oil
FL/FR
elettaria cardamomum seed oil guatemala
FL/FR
galangal root oil
FL/FR
2-
hydroxybenzaldehyde
FL/FR
pepper tree berry oil
FL/FR
pimenta acris leaf oil
FL/FR
winter
savory oil
FL
terpenic
juniperus communis fruit oil
FL/FR
woody
bornyl valerate
FL/FR
frankincense oil
FL/FR
ortho-
guaiacol
FL/FR
longifolene
FL/FR
perilla alcohol
FL/FR
alpha-
pinene
FL/FR
zedoary bark oil
FL/FR
 
Potential Uses:
FRaldehydic
FRherbal
FRspice
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 bay laurel
Search Trop Picture
 
Synonyms:
 bay laurel leaf oil
sweet bay leaf oil
 bay oil, sweet (laurus nobilis l.), natural
 hydroessential laurus (Vevy)
 laurel leaf essential oil
 laurel leaf oil
 laurel leaf oil maroc 100
 laurel leaf oil morocco
 laurel leaves ess. oil (for fragrance) (Robertet)
 laurel noble balkans EO
 laurel noble EO
 laurel oil turkey
 laurel select 01
 laurel select 01 (Charabot)
 sugandh kokila oil
 volatile oil obtained from the leaves of the laurel, laurus nobilis l., lauraceae
 

Articles:

PubMed:Effects of herbal essential oil mixture as a dietary supplement on egg production in quail.
PubMed:Neuroprotective potential of Laurus nobilis antioxidant polyphenol-enriched leaf extracts.
PubMed:Coping with drought-induced xylem cavitation: coordination of embolism repair and ionic effects in three Mediterranean evergreens.
PubMed:Does short-term potassium fertilization improve recovery from drought stress in laurel?
PubMed:Laurel leaf extracts for honeybee pest and disease management: antimicrobial, microsporicidal, and acaricidal activity.
PubMed:Comparative investigation of Umbellularia californica and Laurus nobilis leaf essential oils and identification of constituents active against Aedes aegypti.
PubMed:Apolar Laurus nobilis leaf extracts induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis towards three nervous system cell lines.
PubMed:Molecular size fractions of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) exhibit differentiated regulation of colorectal cancer cell growth in vitro.
PubMed:Aluminium phosphide-induced genetic and oxidative damages in vitro: attenuation by Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract.
PubMed:Cytoprotective and pro-apoptotic activities of native Australian herbs polyphenolic-rich extracts.
PubMed:Anticancer Activity of Certain Herbs and Spices on the Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma (HeLa) Cell Line.
PubMed:Acylated kaempferol glycosides from Laurus nobilis leaves and their inhibitory effects on Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase.
PubMed:Activity, polypeptide and gene identification of thylakoid Ndh complex in trees: potential physiological relevance of fluorescence assays.
PubMed:Aluminum phosphide-induced genetic and oxidative damages in rats: attenuation by Laurus nobilis leaf extract.
PubMed:Chemical polymorphism of essential oils from populations of Laurus nobilis grown on Tunisia, Algeria and France.
PubMed:Antidiarrheal activity of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract in rats.
PubMed:Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) leaves and seeds essential oils against K562 human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells.
PubMed:Antimicrobial sesquiterpenoids from Laurus nobilis L.
PubMed:Uniformity trials in plant freezing assays involving microtitre plates.
PubMed:Short-term effects of potassium fertilization on the hydraulic conductance of Laurus nobilis L.
PubMed:Gastroprotective effect and antioxidant properties of different Laurus nobilis L. leaf extracts.
PubMed:Spirafolide from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) prevents dopamine-induced apoptosis by decreasing reactive oxygen species production in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
PubMed:In vitro and in vivo effects of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extracts.
PubMed:Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Laurus nobilis L. leaf infusion.
PubMed:A biosensor based on Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) tissue homogenate: improvement of the stability characteristics by a simple bio-imprinted technique.
PubMed:Short- and long-term modulation of the lutein epoxide and violaxanthin cycles in two species of the Lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and avocado (Persea americana Mill.).
PubMed:Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates.
PubMed:Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. and Laurus nobilis. L. extracts on rats.
PubMed:A simple method to obtain essential oils from Salvia triloba L. and Laurus nobilis L. by using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation.
PubMed:Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn.
PubMed:Effect of drying method on the volatiles in bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.).
PubMed:Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic properties of Laurus nobilis leaf extracts.
PubMed:Anticonvulsant activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis against pentylenetetrazole- and maximal electroshock-induced seizures.
PubMed:Alcohol absorption inhibitors from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): structure-requirements of sesquiterpenes for the activity.
PubMed:Inhibitory effects of sesquiterpenes from bay leaf on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages: structure requirement and role of heat shock protein induction.
PubMed:Preventive effect of sesquiterpenes from bay leaf on blood ethanol elevation in ethanol-loaded rat: structure requirement and suppression of gastric emptying.
PubMed:Air pollution effects on the guard cells of the injury resistant leaf of Laurus nobilis L.
PubMed:Allergic contact dermatitis from Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter.
PubMed:Air pollution effects on the leaf structure of Laurus nobilis, an injury resistant species.
PubMed:Effects of Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818).
 
Notes:
The laurel tree is a small unimpressive shrub or tree, originating in the eastern Mediterranean countries, or perhaps in Asia. It has been known for thousands of years, but the use of its leaves as a household culinary herb is a comparatively recent one. The tree, Laurus Nobilis, is cultivated in China, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R., Italy, Sardinia and France. Blends well with citrus oils and spice oils. tsca definition 2008: extractives and their physically modified derivatives. laurus nobilis, lauraceae.
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