EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

formic acid
methanoic acid

Supplier Sponsors

Name:formic acid
CAS Number: 64-18-6Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other(deleted CASRN):1016316-60-1
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:200-579-1
FDA UNII: 0YIW783RG1
Nikkaji Web:J1.402H
Beilstein Number:1209246
MDL:MFCD00003297
CoE Number:1
XlogP3-AA:-0.20 (est)
Molecular Weight:46.02534000
Formula:C H2 O2
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:flavoring agents, preservative
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar:Search
Google Books:Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist:Search
Google Patents:Search
US Patents:Search
EU Patents:Search
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
 FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices:
FR DOC # 2011-2789 Food Additives Permitted in Feed and Drinking Water of Animals; Formic Acid Pages 7106 - 7107 View - petition PDF
186.1316 Formic acid (packaging) View - review
JECFA Food Flavoring:79 formic acid
DG SANTE Food Flavourings:08.001 formic acid
DG SANTE Food Contact Materials:formic acid
FEMA Number:2487 formic acid
FDA:No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF):64-18-6 ; FORMIC ACID
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart F--Flavoring Agents and Related Substances
Sec. 172.515 Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants.


FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart H--Other Specific Usage Additives
Sec. 172.723 Epoxidized soybean oil.


FDA PART 186 -- INDIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE
Subpart B--Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS
Sec. 186.1316 Formic acid.


FDA PART 573 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS
Subpart B--Food Additive Listing
Sec. 573.480 Formic acid.
 
Physical Properties:
Appearance:colorless clear fuming liquid (est)
Assay: 96.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity:1.22000 to 1.22400 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 10.152 to 10.185
Refractive Index:1.36900 to 1.37300 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: 8.20 to 8.40 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 100.00 to 101.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 29.00 to 30.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure:36.477001 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density:1.6 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 156.00 °F. TCC ( 68.89 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.540
Soluble in:
 water, 9.552e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 water, 1.00E+06 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Insoluble in:
 paraffin oil
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Type: acetic
Odor Strength:high ,
recommend smelling in a 0.10 % solution or less
Substantivity:16 hour(s) at 100.00 %
pungent vinegar
Odor Description:at 0.10 % in water. pungent vinegar formyl
Luebke, William tgsc, (1982)
Odor sample from: Sigma-Aldrich
sharp acetic fruity fermented
Odor Description:Sharp, penetrating, acetic, fruity with a fermented nuance
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 4, 33, (1998)
Flavor Type: acetic
acetic astringent fruity mustard bready
Taste Description: at 100.00 ppm. Acetic, astringent, fruity, mustard, bready, with a pyruvic acid nuance
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 4, 33, (1998)
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng:cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: preservatives
 
Suppliers:
Advanced Biotech
FORMIC ACID 80% NATURAL
Aurochemicals
FORMIC ACID, Natural
Axxence Aromatic
FORMIC ACID 80%, Natural
Kosher
Sustainability
BASF
Formic Acid
CJ Latta & Associates
FORMIC ACID
Covalent Chemical
Formic Acid
Eastman Chemical
Formic Acid 99,7%
Odor: characteristic
Use: Formic acid is abundant in nature and has been used for many years as an environmentally friendly alternative in industries such as textiles, natural rubber and leather processing. It is also used in agriculture, as well as in the production of medicines, cosmetics, detergents and disinfectants. It has excellent properties in controlling acidity, while at the same time effectively restricting microbial growth.
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 25%
ECSA TRADE THE MOST UPDATED FINANCIAL PUBLICATION ON THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 60%
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 75%
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 85% RPE-FOR ANALYSIS, ML 2500
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 85%
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 99/100%
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 99% RPE-ACS-FOR ANALYSIS-REAG. P
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID 99% RPE-ACS-FOR ANALYSIS-REAG. P
ECSA Chemicals
FORMIC ACID REGENERATED
EMD Millipore
For experimental / research use only.
Formic acid 98-100%
Excellentia International
Formic Acid Natural
Fleurchem
formic acid natural
fnfsurplus.com
Formic Acid Min 85 %
Glentham Life Sciences
Formic acid
Graham Chemical
Formic Acid
Grau Aromatics
FORMIC ACID
H. Interdonati, Inc.
Formic acid Natural, Kosher
Featured Products
Kraft Chemical
Formic Acid
Krunal Group
Formic Acid
Lluch Essence
FORMIC ACID 85%
Lluch Essence
FORMIC ACID 98%
Lluch Essence
FORMIC ACID NATURAL
M&U International
Formic Acid
M&U International
NAT.FORMIC ACID, Kosher
Pearlchem Corporation
Natural Formic Acid
Penta International
FORMIC ACID FCC GRADE
Penta International
FORMIC ACID 90% SOLUTION
Penta International
FORMIC ACID GLACIAL 98.0% MINIMUM
Penta International
FORMIC ACID NATURAL
Prodasynth
FORMIC ACID
(> 98%)
Rainbow Chemical
Formic Acid 85% MIN
Reincke & Fichtner
Formic Acid natural
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Formic Acid ≥98%
Shiva Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
Formic Acid
Sigma-Aldrich
Formic acid, ≥95%, FCC, FG
Certified Food Grade Products
Silver Fern Chemical
Formic Acid
Odor: characteristic
Use: Formic Acid is used in dyeing and finishing of textiles, leather treatment, manufacture of fumigants, insecticides, refrigerants, solvents for perfumes, lacquers, electroplating, antiseptic in brewing, natural latex coagulant, ore flotation, and vinyl resin plasticizers.
SRS Aromatics
FORMIC ACID
Sunaux International
nat.Formic Acid
TCI AMERICA
For experimental / research use only.
Formic Acid >98.0%(GC)
Vigon International
Formic Acid 98%
Odor: Pungent vinegar formyl
Wedor Corporation
FORMIC ACID
WEN International
FORMIC ACID Natural
 
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
C - Corrosive.
R 35 - Causes severe burns.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 23 - Do not breath vapour.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
S 45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-mouse LD50 1100 mg/kg
(Malorny,1969a)

oral-rat LD50 1830 mg/kg
(Sporn et al., 1962)

intravenous-mouse LD50 145 mg/kg
Zeitschrift fuer Ernaehrungswissenschaft. Vol. 9, Pg. 332, 1969.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 940 mg/kg
Igiena. Vol. 11, Pg. 507, 1962.

oral-dog LD50 4000 mg/kg
AMA Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 20, Pg. 517, 1959.

intravenous-dog LDLo 3000 mg/kg
"Handbook of Toxicology," 4 vols., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1956-59Vol. 1, Pg. 146, 1955.

oral-mouse LD50 700 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 23(12), Pg. 49, 1979.

intravenous-rabbit LDLo 239 mg/kg
"Handbook of Toxicology," 4 vols., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1956-59Vol. 1, Pg. 146, 1955.

oral-rat LD50 1100 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 23(12), Pg. 49, 1979.

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
inhalation-rat LC50 15000 mg/m3/15M
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 23(12), Pg. 49, 1979.

inhalation-mouse LC50 6200 mg/m3/15M
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 23(12), Pg. 49, 1979.

inhalation-man TCLo 7300 ug/m3/8H
KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES IN URINE COMPOSITION
Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 66, Pg. 522, 1992.

 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
flavoring agents, preservative
Recommendation for formic acid usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Structure Class: I
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: 5.000006.10000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -1.00000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: --
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -5.00000
fruit ices: -5.00000
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: 5.0000018.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
 
Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 22 (FGE.22): Ring-substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 3, Revision 1 (FGE.03Rev1): Acetals of branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and branched- and straight-chain saturated or unsaturated aldehydes, an ester of a hemiacetal and an orthoester of formic acid, from chemical groups 1, 2 & 4 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) [1] - Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)on a request from the Commission
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 2, Revision 1 (FGE.02) : Branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and related esters of primary alcohols and straight-chain carboxylic acids and one straight-chain aldehyde from chemical groups 1 and 2 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 7, Revision 1 (FGE.07Rev1): Saturated and unsaturated aliphatic secondary alcohols, ketones and esters of secondary alcohols and saturated linear or branched-chain carboxylic acids from chemical group 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 9, Revision 1: (FGE.09 Rev1)[1] - Secondary alicyclic saturated and unsaturated alcohols, ketones and esters containing secondary alicyclic alcohols from chemical groups 8 and 30, and an ester of a phenol carboxylic acid from chemical group 25 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 7, Revision 2 (FGE.07Rev2) : Saturated and unsaturated aliphatic secondary alcohols, ketones and esters of secondary alcohols and saturated linear or branched-chain carboxylic acids from chemical group 5
View page or View pdf

Scientific Report of EFSA on the risk assessment of salts of authorised acids, phenols or alcohols for use in food contact materials [1]
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 9, Revision 2 (FGE.09Rev2): Secondary alicyclic saturated and unsaturated alcohols, ketones and esters containing secondary alicyclic alcohols from chemical group 8 and 30, and an ester of a phenol derivative from chemical group 25
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 22, Revision 1 (FGE.22Rev1): Ring-substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of straight-chain primary aliphatic alcohols/aldehydes/acids, acetals and esters with esters containing saturated alcohols and acetals containing saturated aldehydes (chemical group 1) when used as flavourings for all animal species
View page or View pdf

Review of substances/agents that have direct beneficial effect on the environment: mode of action and assessment of efficacy
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid when used as a technological additive for all animal species
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid, ammonium formate and sodium formate as feed hygiene agents for all animal species
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
EPA-Iris:IRIS
ClinicalTrials.gov:search
Daily Med:search
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards:search
NIOSH Pocket Guide:search
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):64-18-6
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :284
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
SCCNFP:opinion
WISER:UN 1779
WGK Germany:1
formic acid
Chemidplus:0000064186
EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials
RTECS:64-18-6
 
References:
 formic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:64-18-6
Pubchem (cid):284
Pubchem (sid):134971967
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances:View
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
Metabolomics Database:Search
UM BBD:Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):C00058
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB00142
FooDB:FDB012804
YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database):YMDB00385
Export Tariff Code:2915.11.0000
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:View
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
Formulations/Preparations:
•grade: technical: 85%; 90%; cp; fcc. •formic acid is marketed in concentrations of 85, 90, 95, 98, and >99 wt%. the impurity content depends on the production process. •grades: 89-91% for 90% grade; > 98% for technical grade; > 99.5% for pharmaceutical grade. from table •for-mite (mann lake limited), formic acid 65.9%. •mite-away quick strips (nod apiary products usa inc), formic acid 46.7%.
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
For Odor
No odor group found for these
dextro,laevo-
methionine
CS
acidic
acidic
cyclohexyl acetic acid
FL/FR
2-
ethyl butyric acid
FL/FR
2-
methyl butyric acid
FL/FR
2-
methyl-2-pentenoic acid
FL/FR
alcoholic
propyl alcohol
FL/FR
burnt
rum ether
FL/FR
caramellic
levulinic acid
FL/FR
fermented
butyl laevo-lactate
FL/FR
valeraldehyde
FL/FR
fruity
butyl acetoacetate
FL/FR
cyclohexyl carboxylic acid
FL/FR
geranyl acetoacetate
FL/FR
iso
propenyl acetate
FL/FR
green
butyl lactate
FL/FR
geranic acid
FL/FR
herbal
iso
amyl tiglate
FL/FR
white
cognac oil
FL/FR
honey
phenyl pyruvic acid
FL/FR
medicinal
meta-
dimethyl hydroquinone
FL/FR
For Flavor
No flavor group found for these
iso
amyl tiglate
FL/FR
butyl acetoacetate
FL/FR
geranyl acetoacetate
FL/FR
acidic
acidic
2-
ethyl butyric acid
FL/FR
levulinic acid
FL/FR
propionic acid
FL
alcoholic
propyl alcohol
FL/FR
burnt
rum ether
FL/FR
buttery
butyl laevo-lactate
FL/FR
(E)-2-
pentenoic acid
FL
caramellic
pyruvaldehyde
FL
pyruvic acid
FL
chemical
meta-
dimethyl hydroquinone
FL/FR
coffee
diisoamyl thiomalate
FL
ethereal
4-
hexen-3-one
FL
iso
propenyl acetate
FL/FR
fermented
methyl thio isovalerate
FL
fruity
cyclohexyl carboxylic acid
FL/FR
2-
methyl butyric acid
FL/FR
fusel
white
cognac oil
FL/FR
green
butyl lactate
FL/FR
geranic acid
FL/FR
(E)-3-
hexenoic acid
FL
phenolic
phenyl pyruvic acid
FL/FR
sour
acetic acid
FL
2,4-
dimethyl-2-pentenoic acid
FL
3-
methyl valeric acid
FL
2-
methyl-2-pentenoic acid
FL/FR
sweet
cyclohexyl acetic acid
FL/FR
winey
valeraldehyde
FL/FR
 
Potential Uses:
FLapple
FLcheese
FLpapaya
FLpineapple
FLtropical
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 apple plant
Search Trop Picture
 banana fruit
Search Trop Picture
 bay laurel leaf
Search Trop Picture
 beer
Search PMC Picture
 blackberry fruit
Search PMC Picture
 butter
Search PMC Picture
 cacao bean
Search Trop Picture
 carob bean
Search Trop Picture
 carrot plant
Search Trop Picture
 cheese bleu cheese
Search PMC Picture
 cistus
Search Trop Picture
 coffee roasted coffee
Search PMC Picture
 cognac
Search PMC Picture
 cornmint plant
Search Trop Picture
 currant black currant fruit
Search Trop Picture
 fish
Search PMC Picture
 ginkgo biloba fruit
Search Trop Picture
 ginkgo biloba pollen
Search Trop Picture
 gooseberry fruit
Search Trop Picture
 grape fruit
Search Trop Picture
 melon
Search PMC Picture
 nutmeg seed
Search Trop Picture
 nutmeg seed oil
Search Trop Picture
 orange bitter orange
Search Trop Picture
 orange fruit juice
Search Trop Picture
 pea
Search Trop Picture
 peach fruit
Search Trop Picture
 petitgrain lemon petitgrain
Search Trop Picture
 raspberry red raspberry fruit
Search Trop Picture
 roselle fruit
Search Trop Picture
 roselle seed
Search Trop Picture
 soybean root
Search Trop Picture
 strawberry wild strawberry fruit
Search Trop Picture
 tomato fruit
Search Trop Picture
 water mint leaf
Search Trop Picture
 
Synonyms:
 acide formique
 ameisensaeure
 aminic acid
 collo-bueglatt
 collo-didax
nat.formic acid
 formic acid 80% natural
 formic acid 96 ACS
 formic acid FCC
 formic acid natural
 formira
 formisoton
 formylic acid
 hydrogen carboxylic acid
 methanoic acid
 methoic acid
 myrmicyl
 sybest
 

Articles:

Info:Formic Acid
PubMed:Acidic organic compounds in beverage, food, and feed production.
PubMed:Identification and analysis of the metabolic functions of a high-salt-tolerant halophilic aromatic yeast Candida etchellsii for soy sauce production.
PubMed:Volatile compounds and sensory analysis of both harvests of double-cut Yakima peppermint (Mentha piperita L.).
PubMed:Diacetyl levels and volatile profiles of commercial starter distillates and selected dairy foods.
PubMed:Enzymatic activity and flavor compound production in fermented silver carp fish paste inoculated with douchi starter culture.
PubMed:Development of a LC-ESI/MS/MS assay for the quantification of vanillin using a simple off-line dansyl chloride derivatization reaction to enhance signal intensity.
PubMed:Development of a CE method to analyze organic acids in dairy products: application to study the metabolism of heat-shocked spores.
PubMed:Qualitative and quantitative analysis of curcuminoids in herbal medicines derived from Curcuma species.
PubMed:Fast determination of myo-inositol in milk powder by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous quantification of eight bioactive secondary metabolites from Codonopsis ovata by validated high performance thin layer chromatography and their antioxidant profile.
PubMed:Tolerance of the Nanocellulose-producing Bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus to Lignocellulose-derived Acids and Aldehydes.
PubMed:[Determination of sulfonamide potentiators in animal origin foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Rapid and Highly Accurate Detection of Steryl Glycosides by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.
PubMed:A general analytical platform and strategy in search for illegal drugs.
PubMed:Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-accurate QToF mass spectrometry: Chemometrics application.
PubMed:Propylthiouracil quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: Application in a bioequivalence study.
PubMed:Development, optimization and validation of a multimethod for the determination of 36 mycotoxins in wines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Rapid screening of low molecular weight phenols from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) pulp using liquid chromatography-UV/Vis-electrospray mass spectrometry analysis.
PubMed:Use of ammonium formate in QuEChERS for high-throughput analysis of pesticides in food by fast, low-pressure gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Polyphenol extraction optimisation from Ceylon gooseberry (Dovyalis hebecarpa) pulp.
PubMed:Comparative chemical and biochemical analysis of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of seventeen mycotoxins residues in Puerariae lobatae radix by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Rapid analysis of three β-agonist residues in food of animal origin by automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, typhaneoside, senkyunolide I in Beagle dogs plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after Oral Administration of Shaofu Zhuyu Decoction.
PubMed:Development of an improved reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analyses of trans-/cis-resveratrol, quercetin, and emodin in commercial resveratrol supplements.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of biotoxins DSP and AZAs in bivalve molluscs and fish by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development of a new high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection for the metabolite fingerprinting of bioactive compounds in Humulus lupulus L.
PubMed:High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay of dexmedetomidine in plasma, urine and amniotic fluid samples for pregnant ewe model.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of 25 illegally added drugs in diet health foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed:Highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of galantamine in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats.
PubMed:Recycling slaughterhouse waste into fertilizer: how do pyrolysis temperature and biomass additions affect phosphorus availability and chemistry?
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of 15 phenolic constituents of Chinese black rice wine by HPLC-MS/MS with SPE.
PubMed:Brain Tissue Distribution of Spinosin in Rats Determined by a New High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass/Mass Spectrometry Method.
PubMed:Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization of Patulin in Apple Juice and Apple-Based Food with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
PubMed:Minimization of carryover for high-throughput liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 14 mycotoxins in corn grits.
PubMed:Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water.
PubMed:Comparison of extraction methods for analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice.
PubMed:Insusceptibility to disinfectants in bacteria from animals, food and humans-is there a link to antimicrobial resistance?
PubMed:Storage of pork meat under modified atmospheres containing vapors from commercial alcoholic beverages.
PubMed:Determination of plant growth regulators in pears by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Chemometrics as a tool of origin determination of Polish monofloral and multifloral honeys.
PubMed:Determination of energy metabolites in cancer cells by porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the assessment of energy metabolism.
PubMed:Validation and application of an improved method for the rapid determination of proline in grape berries.
PubMed:[Determination of five pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Quantification of malachite green in fish feed utilising liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a monolithic column.
PubMed:Rapid detection of pesticides not amenable to multi-residue methods by flow injection-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Biorefining of wheat straw using an acetic and formic acid based organosolv fractionation process.
PubMed:Oxalate-metabolising genes of the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens are differentially induced on wood and at high proton concentration.
PubMed:Analysis of lysozyme in cheese samples by on-line combination of capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Study on fingerprint of shengxuening tablets].
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of oxathiapiprolin and two metabolites in fruits, vegetables and cereal using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of 24 industrial dyes in grain and meat products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of four plant growth regulator residues in amphisarcas by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of dicyandiamide in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed:Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of ε-Acetamidocaproic Acid in Rat Plasma.
PubMed:Sequential extrusion-microwave pretreatment of switchgrass and big bluestem.
PubMed:[Fingerprint analysis of Fritillaria thunbergii using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Short communication: Development of a novel method for the extraction of norbixin from whey and its subsequent quantification via high performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:[Analysis of sialic acid in infant formulas using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Thin-film microextraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS for determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in water samples.
PubMed:Degradation of LIM domain-binding protein three during processing of Spanish dry-cured ham.
PubMed:Acidic organic compounds in beverage, food, and feed production.
PubMed:Enantioselective determination of carboxyl acid amide fungicide mandipropamid in vegetables and fruits by chiral LC coupled with MS/MS.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Comparative volatile profiles in soy sauce according to inoculated microorganisms.
PubMed:[Rapid identification of two new isomers in bear bile powder by LC-Q-TOF-MS combined with PCC oxidation].
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of 14 oil-soluble synthetic dyes in chilli products by high performance liquid chromatography with a gel permeation chromatography clean-up procedure.
PubMed:Antipathogenic activity of probiotics against Salmonella Typhimurium and Clostridium difficile in anaerobic batch culture systems: is it due to synergies in probiotic mixtures or the specificity of single strains?
PubMed:Enantioselective degradation of metalaxyl in cucumber, cabbage, spinach and pakchoi.
PubMed:Simple and rapid determination of ferulic acid levels in food and cosmetic samples using paper-based platforms.
PubMed:Ion-paired extraction of cephalosporins in acetone prior to their analysis by capillary liquid chromatography in environmental water and meat samples.
PubMed:Simultaneous analysis of acrylamide and its key precursors, intermediates, and products in model systems by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Quantitative analysis of polypeptide antibiotic residues in a variety of food matrices by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of amantadine and rimantadine in chicken muscle by QuEChERS pretreatment method and UHPLC coupled with LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Single-laboratory validation study of rapid analysis method for multi-class veterinary drugs in milk, fish and shellfish by LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Confirmatory analysis of stanozolol metabolites in bovine, pig and sheep urines using an optimized clean-up and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Study on UPLC-UV-MS fingerprints of different medicinal parts of Poria cocos].
PubMed:An LC-MS/MS method for determination of curculigoside with anti-osteoporotic activity in rat plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Dissipation kinetics of forchlorfenuron, 6-benzyl aminopurine, gibberellic acid and ethephon residues in table grapes (Vitis vinifera).
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of bioactive phenolic compounds in the stem extract of Rhus verniciflua stokes by high performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Bioanalysis of tolvaptan, a novel AVP-V2 receptor antagonist in human plasma by a novel LC-ESI-MS/MS method: a pharmacokinetic application in healthy South Indian male subjects.
PubMed:Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of allitinib and its two metabolites in human plasma.
PubMed:Forced degradation and impurity profiling: recent trends in analytical perspectives.
PubMed:Optimization of antimicrobial combined effect of organic acids and temperature on foodborne Salmonella and Escherichia coli in cattle feed by response surface methodology.
PubMed:Systematical method for polyacrylamide and residual acrylamide detection in cosmetic surgery products and example application.
PubMed:Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of bivalirudin in human plasma: application to a human pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to minimize byproduct formate and improving succinate productivity through increasing NADH availability by heterologous expression of NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase.
PubMed:Of energy and survival incognito: a relationship between viable but non-culturable cells formation and inorganic polyphosphate and formate metabolism in Campylobacter jejuni.
PubMed:Development of a simple method for simultaneous determination of nine subclasses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk and dairy products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Degradation kinetics of jujuboside b by rat intestinal flora in vitro with an RRLC-MS-MS method.
PubMed:Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in cereal-based baby foods and wheat flour by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection.
PubMed:Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for the determination of ivabradine in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:HPLC determination of isoflavone levels in osage orange from the Midwest and southern United States.
PubMed:Determination of pyridoxine in dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with UV, fluorescence, and mass spectrometric detection: single-laboratory validation.
PubMed:A simple method for the determination of fluoroquinolone residues in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) employing LC-MS/MS QToF.
PubMed:Development and validation of a QuEChERS based liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in spices.
PubMed:Development of sensitive and rapid analytical methodology for food analysis of 18 mycotoxins included in a total diet study.
PubMed:Development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of five first-line antituberculosis drugs in plasma.
PubMed:Wide-scope analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Rapid analysis of 28 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of four kinds of illegal additive residues in sprouts and source beans by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of bioactive components in essential oil of Xiang-Fu-Si-Wu Formula in Beagle dog plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics.
PubMed:Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor in micro-volumes of human plasma: a pharmacokinetic application in healthy South Indian male subjects.
PubMed:Ultra sound assisted one step rapid derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of amino acids in complex matrices.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of six adulterants in functional foods by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection].
PubMed:Organic acids for control of Salmonella in different feed materials.
PubMed:[Determination of glufosinate residue in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with precolumn derivatization].
PubMed:Development of a planar chromatographic method for quantitation of anthocyanes in pomace, feed, juice and wine.
PubMed:Feasibility of anaerobic digestion from bioethanol fermentation residue.
PubMed:High performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry: a step further for quality control of cranberry extracts.
PubMed:A multi-class, multi-analyte method for routine analysis of 84 veterinary drugs in chicken muscle using simple extraction and LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of posaconazole in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetics following single-dose administration in the fasted state and with a high-fat meal.
PubMed:Identification of intact high molecular weight glutenin subunits from the wheat proteome using combined liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal muscles by LC-MS/MS based on a new polymer cartridge for sample cleanup.
PubMed:Roasting-induced changes in arabinotriose, a model of coffee arabinogalactan side chains.
PubMed:Determination of chemical variability of phenolic and monoterpene glycosides in the seeds of Paeonia species using HPLC and profiling analysis.
PubMed:Reduction of oxalate levels in tomato fruit and consequent metabolic remodeling following overexpression of a fungal oxalate decarboxylase.
PubMed:Utilization of acetic acid-rich pyrolytic bio-oil by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: reducing bio-oil toxicity and enhancing algal toxicity tolerance.
PubMed:Extracting fumonisins from maize: efficiency of different extraction solvents in multi-mycotoxin analytics.
PubMed:Sodium phenylbutyrate enhances astrocytic neurotrophin synthesis via protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB): implications for Alzheimer disease therapy.
PubMed:Development and validation of a rapid ultra high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methylxanthines in herbal infusions.
PubMed:[Determination of amoxicillin in honey by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of six plant growth regulator residues in strawberry by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of bisphenol diglycidyl ether residues in canned foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Simultaneous identification and detection of 16 anabolic steroid hormones in muscle using liquid chromatography oupled to quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Metabolite profiles of epimedin B in rats by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Qualitative screening of undesirable compounds from feeds to fish by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
PubMed:A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for cycloserine in 50μL of human plasma: Its pharmacokinetic application.
PubMed:[Determination of eight pesticide residues in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its uncertainty evaluation].
PubMed:Effect of Formic Acid on Exopolysaccharide Production in Skim Milk Fermentation by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1.
PubMed:Engineering strategies aimed at control of acidification rate of lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed:Optimization of gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry conditions for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in grapes in compliance to EU-MRLs.
PubMed:[Determination of ten basic dyes in meat products by ultra fast liquid chromatography-ion trap time of flight mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Improved methodology for quantitative determination of thiabendazole].
PubMed:Transcriptome analysis and physiology of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705 cells under continuous culture conditions.
PubMed:Development of a sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of koumine in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and organic extracts from Pelargonium graveolens growing in Tunisia.
PubMed:Determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by HILIC-MS/MS coupled with dispersive solid phase extraction.
PubMed:Determination of sphingoid bases from hydrolyzed glucosylceramide in rice and wheat by online post-column high-performance liquid chromatography with O-phthalaldehyde derivatization.
PubMed:[Determination of antibiotics in oral hygiene products by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of rhodamine B in spices by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of the residues of 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in animal origin foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Simultaneous multiple mycotoxin quantification in feed samples using three isotopically labeled internal standards applied for isotopic dilution and data normalization through ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based fingerprinting analysis and mass profiling of Euterpe oleracea (açaí) dietary supplement raw materials.
PubMed:Determination of fusarium mycotoxins in wheat, maize and animal feed using on-line clean-up with high resolution mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of aliskiren in human serum quantities by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry appropriate for pediatric trials.
PubMed:Rapid purification method for fumonisin B1 using centrifugal partition chromatography.
PubMed:Capillary electrophoretic profiling of tryptic digests of water soluble proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis-transgenic and non-transgenic maize species.
PubMed:Microwave-assisted organic acid extraction of lignin from bamboo: structure and antioxidant activity investigation.
PubMed:[Determination of kojic acid in foods using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of 11 anabolic hormones in fish tissue by multi-function impurity adsorption solid-phase extraction-ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of clavulanic acid residue in milk by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs in milk by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Enantioselective analysis and degradation studies of isocarbophos in soils by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Identification of irradiated meats by determining o- and m-tyrosine as markers.
PubMed:Rapid and simultaneous determination of twenty amino acids in complex biological and food samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the aid of experimental design after ethyl chloroformate derivatization.
PubMed:Synergism between hydrogen peroxide and seventeen acids against five agri-food-borne fungi and one yeast strain.
PubMed:A new and improved strategy combining a dispersive-solid phase extraction-based multiclass method with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for analysis of low molecular weight polyphenols in vegetables.
PubMed:Enantioselective separation and simultaneous determination of fenarimol and nuarimol in fruits, vegetables, and soil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of virginiamycin M1 and S1 residues in livestock and poultry products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of penicillin G and its major metabolites in blood using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:A flow-injection mass spectrometry fingerprinting scaffold for feature selection and quantitation of Cordyceps and Ganoderma extracts in beverage: a predictive artificial neural network modelling strategy.
PubMed:Enhancing the power of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based urine metabolomics in negative ion mode by optimization of the additive.
PubMed:The challenges of developing a generic extraction procedure to analyze multi-class veterinary drug residues in milk and honey using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:The effectiveness of selected feed and water additives for reducing Salmonella spp. of public health importance in broiler chickens: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression approach.
PubMed:A direct assessment of mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Effect of feeding olive-pulp ensiled with additives on feedlot performance and carcass attributes of fat-tailed lambs.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation of prebiotics by Lactobacillus plantarum CFR 2194: selectivity, viability and effect of metabolites on β-glucuronidase activity.
PubMed:[HPLC-MS identification of degradation products of levofloxacin].
PubMed:Needle trap extraction for GC analysis of formic and acetic acids in aqueous solution.
PubMed:Enantioselective determination of acylamino acid fungicides in vegetables and fruits by chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Strategies for the multi-residue analysis of 100 pesticides by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Synergism between hydrogen peroxide and seventeen acids against six bacterial strains.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of five synthetic sweeteners in food by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection].
PubMed:Screening assay of residual antibiotics in livestock samples by LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Rapid determination of chlormequat in meat by dispersive solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of mitomycin C in rabbit plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Development, validation and comparison of two microextraction techniques for the rapid and sensitive determination of pregabalin in urine and pharmaceutical formulations after ethyl chloroformate derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis.
PubMed:Rapid LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic application of linarin in rat plasma.
PubMed:[Determination of 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in animal and aquatic products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Analysis of colistin A and B in fishery products by ultra performance liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of aminopyralid, clopyralid, and picloram residues in vegetables and fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the estimation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
PubMed:Pesticide residue analysis in cereal-based baby foods using multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersive solid-phase extraction.
PubMed:[Determination of pesticide residues and microcystin in drinking water using on-line SPE liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Selenium-dependent biogenesis of formate dehydrogenase in Campylobacter jejuni is controlled by the fdhTU accessory genes.
PubMed:Methanol may function as a cross-kingdom signal.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of four biogenic and three volatile amines in anchovy by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of aflatoxins in cashew by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Determination of quinolones of veterinary use in bee products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a QuEChERS extraction procedure.
PubMed:Study of the mass spectrometric behaviors of anthocyanins in negative ionization mode and its applications for characterization of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin polyphenols.
PubMed:Volatile compounds and sensory analysis of both harvests of double-cut Yakima peppermint (Mentha piperita L.).
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and niacin in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:[Determination of forchlorfenuron and gibberellin acid in the grapes using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of 6 antiestrogens in fish tissues by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Quantitative determination of uridine in rabbit plasma and urine by liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Nutritive value of diets containing fish silage for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Bonne, 1931).
PubMed:Diacetyl levels and volatile profiles of commercial starter distillates and selected dairy foods.
PubMed:Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for the determination of nobiletin in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Analysis of sub μg/kg lincomycin in honey, muscle, milk, and eggs using fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Rapid determination of amino acids in foods by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous detection of residues of 25 β₂-agonists and 23 β-blockers in animal foods by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in Taraxacum formosanum Kitam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a post-column derivatization technique.
PubMed:Changes in the initial stages of a glucose-proline Maillard reaction model system influences dairy product quality during thermal processing.
PubMed:[Determination of virginiamycin M1, in feeds by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Effect of a microencapsulated feed additive of lactic and formic acid on the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs arriving at the abattoir.
PubMed:Thermal inactivation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in a peptone-salt medium mimicking the water-soluble phase of hydrolyzed fish by-products.
PubMed:Application of fast liquid chromatography for antioxidants analysis.
PubMed:An improved and fast UHPLC-PDA methodology for determination of L-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in fruits and vegetables. Evaluation of degradation rate during storage.
PubMed:[Determination of vedaprofen in livestock products and seafoods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Analytical method of cereulide in processed cereal-based foods and milk powder by LC-MS/MS].
PubMed:A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of acid/alkaline phytohormones in grapes.
PubMed:Lignin depolymerisation in supercritical carbon dioxide/acetone/water fluid for the production of aromatic chemicals.
PubMed:A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of economically motivated adulteration in protein-containing foods.
PubMed:Enzymatic activity and flavor compound production in fermented silver carp fish paste inoculated with douchi starter culture.
PubMed:[Determination of 12 steroid hormone residues in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combining with library search].
PubMed:[Determination of active components in silymarin by UPLC-ESIMS].
PubMed:Adsorption immobilization of Escherichia coli phytase on probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus spores.
PubMed:A new rapid and sensitive LC-MS assay for the determination of sorafenib in plasma: application to a patient undergoing hemodialysis.
PubMed:Chlorpromazine quantification in human plasma by UPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Roles of diet and the acid tolerance response in survival of common Salmonella serotypes in feces of finishing pigs.
PubMed:[Determination of sitagliptin phosphate in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Determination of cyanidin-3-glucoside (red kernel food colour) in beverages by high performance liquid chromatography and a study of its degradation by quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Multi-residue determination of plant growth regulators in apples and tomatoes by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Effect of pretreatment severity on the conversion of barley straw to fermentable substrates and the release of inhibitory compounds.
PubMed:β-lactam antibiotics residues analysis in bovine milk by LC-ESI-MS/MS: a simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction method.
PubMed:Residue analysis and degradation studies of fenbuconazole and myclobutanil in strawberry by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Rapid and simultaneous determination of hexapeptides (Ac-EEMQRR-amide and H2N-EEMQRR-amide) in anti-wrinkle cosmetics by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction preparation and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Quantitative determination of lisinopril in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of lamotrigine in human plasma: application to a human pharmacokinetic study.
PubMed:Development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of eight adulterants in slimming functional foods.
PubMed:Rapid analysis of formic acid, acetic acid, and furfural in pretreated wheat straw hydrolysates and ethanol in a bioethanol fermentation using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Survey of polyphenol constituents in grapes and grape-derived products.
PubMed:Highly selective and sensitive determination of free and total amino acids in Apocynum venetum L. (Luobuma tea) by a developed HPLC-FLD method coupled with pre-column fluorescent labelling.
PubMed:Validation of a UHPLC-FLD analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin a in rat plasma, liver and kidney.
PubMed:Development of a high performance liquid chromatography method and a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with the pressurized liquid extraction for the quantification and confirmation of sulfonamides in the foods of animal origin.
PubMed:Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of tropane alkaloids and glycoalkaloids in crops.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in vegetables using QuEChERS and reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Analysis of pesticides residues in fresh produce using buffered acetonitrile extraction and aminopropyl cleanup with gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, gas chromatography/ion trap detector mass spectrometry, and GC with a halogen-specific detector.
PubMed:Rapid determination of fumagillin residues in honey by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using the QuEChERS method.
PubMed:Evaluation of preservation methods for improving biogas production and enzymatic conversion yields of annual crops.
PubMed:Evaluation of the effect of formic acid and sodium formate on hair reduction in rat.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of flavanones, hydroxycinnamic acids and alkaloids in citrus fruits by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS.
PubMed:Alcohol oxidase- and formaldehyde dehydrogenase-based enzymatic methods for formaldehyde assay in fish food products.
PubMed:Rapid screening method for quinolone residues in livestock and fishery products using immobilised metal chelate affinity chromatographic clean-up and liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection.
PubMed:Application of ethyl chloroformate derivatization for solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of bisphenol-A in water and milk samples.
PubMed:Validation of an analytical method for the quantification of pyrethrins on lemons and apricots using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of cyadox and its metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of ten sulfonamide residues in milk according to 2002/657/EC.
PubMed:Characteristics and origins of common chemical noise ions in negative ESI LC-MS.
PubMed:Aiming for the complete utilization of sugar-beet pulp: Examination of the effects of mild acid and hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic digestion.
PubMed:Analysis of melamine migration from melamine food contact articles.
PubMed:[Determination of paraquat residue in plant-derived foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of five yellow dyes in foods by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Simultaneous analysis of serotonin, melatonin, piceid and resveratrol in fruits using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of sugammadex in human plasma, urine, and dialysate using a high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay.
PubMed:Genetic expression of an amyloid peptide fragment and analysis of formylated products.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor and its amide hydrolyzed metabolite in Cynomolgus monkey plasma by LC-MS/MS, and its application to a toxicokinetic study.
PubMed:Effect of organic acids on shrimp pathogen, Vibrio harveyi.
PubMed:Determination of nine high-intensity sweeteners in various foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.
PubMed:Simple and rapid CE-UV method for the assessment of trail pheromone compounds of leaf-cutting ants' venom glands.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of nine types of phthalate residues in commercial milk products using HPLC-ESI-MS-MS.
PubMed:Development and validation of a liquid chromatography method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brotizolam residues in beef and commercial whole milk.
PubMed:Effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid composition of ryegrass and corn experimental silages.
PubMed:Ten marker compounds-based comparative study of green tea and guava leaf by HPTLC densitometry methods: antioxidant activity profiling.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of six synthetic sweeteners in food by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Antimicrobial activity of weak acids in liquid feed fermentations, and its effects on yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed:Rapid and simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, penicillin G, and their major metabolites in bovine milk by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Transcriptome, proteome, and metabolite analyses of a lactate dehydrogenase-negative mutant of Enterococcus faecalis V583.
PubMed:Quantification of triamcinolone acetonide in ocular tissues after intravitreal injection to rabbit using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of five synthetic sweeteners in wines using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Analysis of UV ink photoinitiators in packaged food by fast liquid chromatography at sub-ambient temperature coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Thermal degradation characteristics and antioxidant activity of fructose solution with heating temperature and time.
PubMed:Multimycotoxin UPLC-MS/MS for tea, herbal infusions and the derived drinkable products.
PubMed:[Determination of chlordimeform and its metabolite residues in honey using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Analysis of Monosodium l-Glutamate in Food Products by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography.
PubMed:Separation of olive proteins combining a simple extraction method and a selective capillary electrophoresis (CE) approach: application to raw and table olive samples.
PubMed:Microwave-assisted 18O-labeling of proteins catalyzed by formic acid.
PubMed:Mixed-culture transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular basis of mixed-culture growth in Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
PubMed:[Determination of beta2-agonists and beta-blockers in urine using high performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Structural identification and bioactivities of red-violet pigments present in Basella alba fruits.
PubMed:Optimization of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of complex polyphenol mixtures and application for sainfoin extracts (Onobrychis viciifolia).
PubMed:Cellulase production using different streams of wheat grain- and wheat straw-based ethanol processes.
PubMed:Development and application of an HILIC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of nucleotides in infant formula.
PubMed:Analysis of the antiviral drugs acyclovir and valacyclovir-hydrochloride in tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) using LC-MSMS.
PubMed:Sulfoalkylbetaine-based monolithic column with mixed-mode of hydrophilic interaction and strong anion-exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography.
PubMed:[Determination of 27 industrial dyes in juice and wine using ultra performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Iron-mediated photochemical decomposition of methylmercury in an arctic Alaskan lake.
PubMed:Analysis of amprolium by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of antibacterials in animal feed by pressurized liquid extraction followed by online purification and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of hydrolysed proteins of delimed tannery fleshings: comparison of acid hydrolysis and fermentation methods.
PubMed:Rapid separation and characterization of active flavonolignans of Silybum marianum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of glucocorticoid residues in edible tissues of swine, cattle, sheep, and chicken.
PubMed:Campylobacter jejuni proteins Cj0952c and Cj0951c affect chemotactic behaviour towards formic acid and are important for invasion of host cells.
PubMed:Preparation of fish gelatin and fish gelatin/poly(L-lactide) nanofibers by electrospinning.
PubMed:Miscanthus x giganteus bark organosolv fractionation: fate of lipophilic components and formation of valuable phenolic byproducts.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of six non-polar heterocyclic amines in meat samples by supercritical fluid extraction-capillary electrophoresis under fluorimetric detection.
PubMed:Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:A validated method for analysis of Swerchirin in Swertia longifolia Boiss. by high performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Prevention of intestinal Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers by combinations of in-feed organic acids.
PubMed:Target-guided separation of Bougainvillea glabra betacyanins by direct coupling of preparative ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography and electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of ten sedative residues in pork and kidney by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Analysis of seven purines and pyrimidines in pork meat products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Multiresidue method for the determination of nitroimidazoles and their hydroxy-metabolites in poultry muscle, plasma and egg by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Degradation of 1-deoxy-D-erythro-hexo-2,3-diulose in the presence of lysine leads to formation of carboxylic acid amides.
PubMed:Determination of drug residues in urine of dogs receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization- tandem mass spectrometry: is there an environmental or occupational risk?
PubMed:Composition of OSCS-contaminated heparin occurring in 2008 in batches on the German market.
PubMed:Rapid determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in milk powder using direct analysis in real time-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Determination of streptomycin in honey determined by hydrophilic interaction chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Development of an LC-MS method for measuring TNF in human vaginal tissue.
PubMed:[LC/ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of macrocyclic lactone parasiticides in livestock products and fish].
PubMed:Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric determination of quassin and neoquassin in fruits and vegetables.
PubMed:Quantitative determination of caffeine, formic acid, trigonelline and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in soluble coffees by 1H NMR spectrometry.
PubMed:Analysis of perchlorate in milk powder and milk by hydrophilic interaction chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in peanuts and their derivative products by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Subcritical solvent extraction of anthocyanins from dried red grape pomace.
PubMed:Multiclass, multiresidue drug analysis, including aminoglycosides, in animal tissue using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Hydrolysis behavior of bamboo fiber in formic acid reaction system.
PubMed:Conservation characteristics of wilted perennial ryegrass silage made using biological or chemical additives.
PubMed:Determination of para red, Sudan dyes, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin in animal feeds using UPLC.
PubMed:Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of four anthocyanins in human plasma after black currant anthocyanins ingestion.
PubMed:Efficacy of vaporised ethyl formate/carbon dioxide formulation against stored-grain insects: effect of fumigant concentration, exposure time and two grain temperatures.
PubMed:Field evaluation of vaporised ethyl formate and carbon dioxide for fumigation of stored wheat.
PubMed:[Determination of pyriproxyfen residue in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Simultaneous analysis of 7 fluoroquinolone residues in chicken muscle by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Synthesis and characterization of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous extraction and determination of water-soluble and fat-soluble synthetic colorants in chilli products by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in Lycium barbarum Linnaeus by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS.
PubMed:Identification of ethyl formate as a quality marker of the fermented off-note in coffee by a nontargeted chemometric approach.
PubMed:[Determination of illudin S in Omphalotus guepiniformis and foods that caused food poisoning by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Synthesis of an amine-oleate derivative using an ionic liquid catalyst.
PubMed:Ammonolysis-based microencapsulation technique using isopropyl formate as dispersed solvent.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of residual thiamphenicol and florfenicol in foods of animal origin by HPLC/electrospray ionization-MS/MS.
PubMed:Effect of organic acids on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus contaminated meat.
PubMed:LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements.
PubMed:Rapid determination of 19 quinolone residues in spiked fish and pig muscle by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of fluoroquinolones in aquaculture products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).
PubMed:[Determination of levamisole residue in milk and milk powder by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:From functional food to medicinal product: systematic approach in analysis of polyphenolics from propolis and wine.
PubMed:Chemical decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat.
PubMed:Native lignin structure of Miscanthus x giganteus and its changes during acetic and formic acid fractionation.
PubMed:Single-laboratory validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detector-fluorescence detector/mass spectrometric method for simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin dietary tablets.
PubMed:Modelling the kinetics of ethyl formate sorption by wheat using batch experiments.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of 19 quinolone residues in honey using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:[Determination of bicozamycin in livestock products and seafoods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Fully automated analysis of beta-lactams in bovine milk by online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Analysis of aminoglycoside residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry after derivatization with phenyl isocyanate.
PubMed:Analysis of chlormequat and mepiquat by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in food samples.
PubMed:Short-term oral toxicity of three biodiesels and an ultra-low sulfur diesel in male rats.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of nine beta-agonist residues in animal derived foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Efficient procedure for isolating methylated catechins from green tea and effective simultaneous analysis of ten catechins, three purine alkaloids, and gallic acid in tea by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.
PubMed:Lipophilicity data for some preservatives estimated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and different computation methods.
PubMed:"Anting" in Blue Jays: evidence in support of a food-preparatory function.
PubMed:[Application of simultaneous determination method of residual veterinary drugs to processed foods].
PubMed:Performic acid (PFA): tests on an advanced primary effluent show promising disinfection performance.
PubMed:Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for trace analysis of agrochemicals in food.
PubMed:Toward a generic extraction method for simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins, plant toxins, and veterinary drugs in feed and food matrixes.
PubMed:Optimization and validation of a SPE-HPLC-PDA-fluorescence method for the simultaneous determination of drugs used in combined cardiovascular therapy in human plasma.
PubMed:Development of a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for sweet pepper analysis.
PubMed:[Analysis of anthocyanins in dietary supplements containing blueberry extract].
PubMed:In vitro kinetic analysis of fermentation of prebiotic inulin-type fructans by Bifidobacterium species reveals four different phenotypes.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of lansoprazole and its metabolites 5'-hydroxy lansoprazole and lansoprazole sulphone in human plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers.
PubMed:Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous quantitation of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma.
PubMed:Quantitative determination of capsaicin, a transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 agonist, by liquid chromatography quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry: evaluation of in vitro metabolic stability.
PubMed:Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (highly selective selected reaction monitoring) for the analysis of isopropylthioxanthone in packaged food.
PubMed:Determination of flavonoids and saponins in Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in grapes by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS on a semimicro separation scale.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones residues in chicken by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric ion-switching determination of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in fruits and vegetables.
PubMed:Effect of organic acids on numbers of yeasts and mould fungi and aerobic stability in the silage of corn.
PubMed:Determination of oxytocin in a dilute IV solution by LC-MS(n).
PubMed:[Determination of nitrofurazone in livestock products and seafoods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Formate excretion in urine of rats fed dimethylaminoazobenzene-rich diets: the possibility of formate formation from D-lactate.
PubMed:Determination of tetracyclines residues in honey by on-line solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Evaluation of some parameters affecting troublesome pesticide analysis in gas chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Biosynthesis of an amphiphilic silk-like polymer.
PubMed:Determination of amobarbital and phenobarbital in serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with addition of formic acid to the solvent.
PubMed:[Rapid determination of medical components found in the health food for weight loss by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)].
PubMed:Succinic acid production from cheese whey using Actinobacillus succinogenes 130 Z.
PubMed:Production and carcase traits in broiler chickens given diets supplemented with inorganic trivalent chromium and an organic acid blend.
PubMed:Kinetic modeling of formic acid pulping of bagasse.
PubMed:Enantioselective silica-based monoliths modified with a novel aminosulfonic acid-derived strong cation exchanger for electrically driven and pressure-driven capillary chromatography.
PubMed:Sensitive and simple analysis of sorbic acid using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Comprehensive analysis of polar and apolar constituents of butter and margarine by nuclear magnetic resonance, reflecting quality and production processes.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of geniposide and its metabolites genipin and genipinine in culture of Aspergillus niger by HPLC.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in fortified infant foods by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
PubMed:A new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of seven biogenic amines in cheese.
PubMed:Rapid determination of carbamate pesticides in food using dual counter-current chromatography directly interfaced with mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Your prodrug releases formaldehyde: should you be concerned? No!
PubMed:Malondialdehyde tagging improves the analysis of arginine oligomers and arginine-containing dendrimers by HPLC-MS.
PubMed:Extraction and electrospinning of gelatin from fish skin.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of 7 kinds of preservatives and saccharin in foods with HPLC, and identification with LC/MS/MS].
PubMed:Determination of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal teas from Lamiaceae: peppermint, melissa, and sage.
PubMed:Identification of desulphoglucosinolates in Brassicaceae by LC/MS/MS: comparison of ESI and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-MS.
PubMed:Methodology optimization for quantification of total phenolics and individual phenolic acids in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) roots.
PubMed:Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some derivatives of (7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)-acetic acid hydrazide.
PubMed:Formation of furan and methylfuran from ascorbic acid in model systems and food.
PubMed:Determination of peptide hormones of brain and intestine by CE with ESI-MS detection.
PubMed:Identification of TLC markers and quantification by HPLC-MS of various constituents in noni fruit powder and commercial noni-derived products.
PubMed:Determination of banned 10 azo-dyes in hot chili products by gel permeation chromatography-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of quinolone residues in shrimp using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and residue confirmation by mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Quantitative determination of BMS-378806 in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Validation of an ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat-based infant foods.
PubMed:Reaction between hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adducts yielding new portisins.
PubMed:Prediction of molar extinction coefficients of proteins and peptides using UV absorption of the constituent amino acids at 214 nm to enable quantitative reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
PubMed:Development of a new method for analysis of Sudan dyes by pressurized CEC with amperometric detection.
PubMed:Identification and quantification of stilbenes in fruits of transgenic tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by reversed phase HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection.
PubMed:Rapid multi-residue method for the quantitative determination and confirmation of glucocorticosteroids in bovine milk using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Quantitative determination of amoxicillin in animal feed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection.
PubMed:Determination of total mercury and methylmercury in biological samples by photochemical vapor generation.
PubMed:Rapid analysis of triazolopyrimidine sulfoanilide herbicides in waters and soils by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using a C18 monolithic column.
PubMed:Comprehensive analytical method for the determination of hydrophilic metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate in buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench by micro-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
PubMed:Free radical-mediated pre-hemolytic injury in human red blood cells subjected to lead acetate as evaluated by chemiluminescence.
PubMed:[Analysis of tetracyclines in honey and royal jelly by LC/MS/MS].
PubMed:Rapid determination and confirmation of biogenic amines in tuna loin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using ethylchloroformate derivative.
PubMed:Application of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for determination of dietary folates: effects of buffer nature and mobile phase composition on sensitivity and selectivity.
PubMed:Evaluation of microwave irradiation for analysis of carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, cyanogen, ethyl formate, methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride, propylene oxide, and phosphine in hay.
PubMed:A simple and rapid confirmatory assay for analyzing antibiotic residues of the macrolide class and lincomycin in bovine milk and yoghurt: hot water extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of inorganic anions and formic acid in honey.
PubMed:Positive and negative electrospray LC-MS-MS methods for quantitation of the antiparasitic endectocide drugs, abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin and selamectin in milk.
PubMed:Sensitive and convenient method for the quantification of clonidine in serum of pediatric patients using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Quantitative analysis of tylosin in eggs by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: residue depletion kinetics after administration via feed and drinking water in laying hens.
PubMed:LC/UV/MS-MRM for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in multi-vitamin dietary supplements.
PubMed:Improved liquid chromatography methods for the separation and quantification of biotin in NIST standard reference material 3280: multivitamin/multielement tablets.
PubMed:Effects of essential oils from fennel (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) in pigs.
PubMed:Determination of clavulanic acid in calf plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Lactobacillus casei metabolic potential to utilize citrate as an energy source in ripening cheese: a bioinformatics approach.
PubMed:Sugar fragmentation in the maillard reaction cascade: formation of short-chain carboxylic acids by a new oxidative alpha-dicarbonyl cleavage pathway.
PubMed:Quantitative analysis of anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging triterpenoid esters in evening primrose seeds.
PubMed:[Determination of orlistat in health food for controlling body weight by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray spectrometry].
PubMed:Development and optimization of an analytical method for the determination of Sudan dyes in hot chilli pepper by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line electrogenerated BrO- -luminol chemiluminescence detection.
PubMed:An accurate and reproducible method for the quantitative analysis of isoflavones and their metabolites in rat plasma using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with photodiode array detection.
PubMed:Kinetic analysis of bifidobacterial metabolism reveals a minor role for succinic acid in the regeneration of NAD+ through its growth-associated production.
PubMed:Mobile-phase pH influence on the retention of some benzoic acid derivatives in reversed-phase chromatography.
PubMed:[Determination of sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate in iron-fortified soy sauce by reversed-phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of sulforaphane and its major metabolites from biological matrices with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy.
PubMed:Extraction of polyphenols from processed black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) residues.
PubMed:The effect of traditional African food mixtures on growth, pH and extracellular polysaccharide production by mutans streptococci in vitro.
PubMed:Formation of methanol and formate in Wistar rats after oral administration of methylated rapeseed oil: a fuel for lamps.
PubMed:Sensitive isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of acrylamide in chocolate.
PubMed:A generic method for the determination of acrylamide in thermally processed foods.
PubMed:Influence of calcium and phosphorus, lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio on Cheddar cheese quality: changes in residual sugars and water-soluble organic acids during ripening.
PubMed:Synthesis of carbonated fatty methyl esters using supercritical carbon dioxide.
PubMed:Analysis of eight capsaicinoids in peppers and pepper-containing foods by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Analysis of triazolopyrimidine herbicides in soils using field-enhanced sample injection-coelectroosmotic capillary electrophoresis combined with solid-phase extraction.
PubMed:Rapid determination of short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents and faeces of humans and rats by acidified water-extraction and direct-injection gas chromatography.
PubMed:Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic method for the analysis of ochratoxin A in green coffee.
PubMed:Quantitation of total folate in whole blood using LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Improved liquid chromatographic determination of nine currently used (fluoro)quinolones with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection for environmental samples.
PubMed:[Determination of acrylamide in heated starchy food by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Development of time-resolved chemiluminescence for the determination of antu in river water, wheat, barley, and oat grain samples.
PubMed:Determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green in a variety of aquacultured products by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection.
PubMed:Confirmation of sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadimethoxine residues in condensed milk and soft-cheese products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 in cornflakes.
PubMed:Addition of formic acid or starter cultures to liquid feed. Effect on pH, microflora composition, organic acid concentration and ammonia concentration.
PubMed:Rapid assay for analyzing biogenic amines in cheese: matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Determination of herbicides in mineral and stagnant waters at ng/L levels using capillary electrophoresis and UV detection combined with solid-phase extraction and sample stacking.
PubMed:Determination of colchicine residues in sheep serum and milk using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Confirmatory method for the analysis of carbadox and olaquindox in porcine feedingstuffs using LC-electrospray MS-MS.
PubMed:Determination of beta-agonist residues in bovine urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of quinolones in foods by LC/MS/MS].
PubMed:Beta-D-glucosyl and alpha-D-galactosyl Yariv reagents: syntheses from p-nitrophenyl-D-glycosides by transfer reduction using ammonium formate.
PubMed:Stability of tea catechins in the breadmaking process.
PubMed:Determination of type B fumonisin mycotoxins in maize and maize-based products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using a QqQlinear ion trap mass spectrometer.
PubMed:Dietary self-selection for organic acids by the piglet.
PubMed:Effect of formic acid formulations on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies and influence of colony and ambient conditions on formic acid concentration in the hive.
PubMed:Identification of flavonoids in Hakmeitau beans (Vigna sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS).
PubMed:Quantitative determination of ochratoxin A in kidneys by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
PubMed:The influence of diet on Lawsonia intracellularis colonization in pigs upon experimental challenge.
PubMed:Acidified litter benefits the intestinal flora balance of broiler chickens.
PubMed:Development and in-house validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III and Sudan IV in hot chilli products.
PubMed:The effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and formic acid on the formation of biogenic amines in grass silages.
PubMed:Development of a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection measurement system for phenolic acids.
PubMed:Intra-oral acid production associated with eating whole or pulped raw fruits.
PubMed:Development and single-laboratory validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for identification and determination of acrylamide in foods.
PubMed:Determination of some sulfonamides and trimethoprim in chicken, fish muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Analysis of ochratoxin a in coffee by solid-phase cleanup and narrow-bore liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Bacterial synergism or antagonism in a gel cassette system.
PubMed:Fenton-dependent damage to carbohydrates: free radical scavenging activity of some simple sugars.
PubMed:Investigation of phenolic acids in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers.
PubMed:Kinetic modelling of Amadori N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-glycine degradation pathways. Part II--kinetic analysis.
PubMed:Kinetic modelling of Amadori N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-glycine degradation pathways. Part I--reaction mechanism.
PubMed:Leaching and binding of fumonisins in soil microcosms.
PubMed:Survival and resuscitation of ten strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli under acid conditions.
PubMed:Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during silage fermentation.
PubMed:Preservation of fresh meat with active and modified atmosphere packaging conditions.
PubMed:Technological performance of several Lactococcus and Enterococcus strains of dairy origin in milk.
PubMed:Improvement of an ultrasound assisted method for the analysis of total carbohydrate in environmental and food samples.
PubMed:Degradation of the Amadori compound N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)glycine in aqueous model systems.
PubMed:Effect of different forms of alkali treatment on specific fermentation inhibitors and on the fermentability of lignocellulose hydrolysates for production of fuel ethanol.
PubMed:Purification and characterization of formate oxidase from a formaldehyde-resistant fungus.
PubMed:Variation in organic acids content during ripening of pickled white cheese.
PubMed:[Hygienic assessment of components of smoking fume].
PubMed:In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed.
PubMed:Immunoaffinity column clean-up and thin layer chromatography for determination of ochratoxin A in green coffee.
PubMed:Development of a CE method to analyze organic acids in dairy products: application to study the metabolism of heat-shocked spores.
PubMed:3-deoxypentosulose: an alpha-dicarbonyl compound predominating in nonenzymatic browning of oligosaccharides in aqueous solution.
PubMed:An easy screening method for fungi producing ochratoxin A in pure culture.
PubMed:Nonaqueous catalytic fluorometric trace determination of vanadium based on the pyronine B-hydrogen peroxide reaction and flow injection after cloud point extraction.
PubMed:Development and validation of a method for the determination of sub-additive levels of virginiamycin in compound animal feeds by liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Methods for determination of milt protein and epsilon-polylysine in food additive preparations and processed foods by capillary zone electrophoresis.
PubMed:[Effects of chemical agents on the prevention of fungal contamination during household wheat storage in Cixian county].
PubMed:Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the fermentation of Spanish-style green table olives (conservolea variety) supplemented with different carbon sources.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of betamethasone and dexamethasone residues in bovine liver by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers.
PubMed:Volatile and non-volatile compounds in irradiated semi-rigid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymers.
PubMed:Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation of Difethialone Residues in Whole-Body Rodents with Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup.
PubMed:A differential medium for the enumeration of the spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii in wine.
PubMed:Determination of chlorophacinone and diphacinone in commercial rodenticides by liquid chromatography-UV detection and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Identification of peanut and hazelnut allergens by native two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
PubMed:Effect of common food preservatives on mycelial growth and spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum.
PubMed:Potential environmental impact of effluents from the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproduct ensiling process using additives.
PubMed:Isolation and identification of process impurities in trimethoprim drug substance by high-performance liquid chromatography, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
PubMed:Development of a gel formulation of formic acid for control of parasitic mites of honey bees.
PubMed:Clearance and metabolism of starch foods in the oral cavity.
PubMed:Antimicrobial films produced from chitosan.
PubMed:Preparative thin-layer chromatographic separation and subsequent gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of monoacylglycerols derived from butter oil by fungal degradation.
PubMed:Isolation and physical characterization of an exocellular polysaccharide.
PubMed:Oat bran beta-gluco- and xylo-oligosaccharides as fermentative substrates for lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed:The colonization of a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem by a probiotic strain fed on a fermented oat bran product: effects on the gastrointestinal microbiota.
PubMed:Degradation of konjac glucomannan by enzymes in human feces and formation of short-chain fatty acids by intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
PubMed:Protein preservation and ruminal degradation of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia, or microbial inoculant.
PubMed:Gingival inflammation induced by food and short-chain carboxylic acids.
PubMed:Colorimetric determination of selenium in mineral premixes .
PubMed:Effect of folic acid supplementation on folate status and formate oxidation rate in mink (Mustela vision).
PubMed:Growth and survival kinetics of Yersinia enterocolitica IP 383 0:9 as affected by equimolar concentrations of undissociated short-chain organic acids.
PubMed:Antibacterial activity of formic and propionic acids in the diet of hens on Salmonellas in the crop.
PubMed:Detection of clenbuterol in bovine retinal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
PubMed:[Fermentation process during the ensiling of green forage low in nitrate. 2. Fermentation process after supplementation of nitrate, nitrite, lactic acid bacteria and formic acid].
PubMed:Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum during ensilage of perennial ryegrass.
PubMed:Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed.
PubMed:Particle beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method with negative ion chemical ionization for the confirmation of oxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin residues in bovine muscle.
PubMed:Optimization of an Escherichia coli formate dehydrogenase assay for selenium compounds.
PubMed:[The importance of formic acid excretion in the urine for environmental and occupational medicine questions].
PubMed:Niacin. II: Identification of isonicotinic acid in niacin by liquid chromatography with diode array detection.
PubMed:Resolution of the enantiomers of ibuprofen; comparison study of diastereomeric method and chiral stationary phase method.
PubMed:The potential of lactic acid bacteria for the production of safe and wholesome food.
PubMed:Comparison of UV absorption and electrospray mass spectrometry for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of domoic acid in shellfish and biological samples.
PubMed:Comparative studies on the efficiency of various biological silage additives for the ensiling of lucerne.
PubMed:Purification and characterization of glyoxylate synthetase from greening potato-tuber chloroplasts.
PubMed:Biogenic amines in silage. 2. The dynamics of the formation of biogenic amines in silage.
PubMed:Determination of diaminopimelic acid in biological materials using high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:The influence of temperature and organic matter on the bactericidal activity of short-chain organic acids on salmonellas.
PubMed:[The determination of free and bound methylated nucleobases in food].
PubMed:Analysis of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feed using a multi-toxin gel permeation chromatography clean-up method.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in Swedish grains and mixed feeds.
PubMed:Effect of preservatives on patulin production by Penicillium expansum.
PubMed:Liquid chromatographic determination of paralytic shellfish poisons in shellfish after prechromatographic oxidation.
PubMed:Effects of formic acid or calcium formate in feed on performance and microbiological characteristics of broilers.
PubMed:[Fish silage from shrimp by catch fish: I. Preparation and biological evaluation].
PubMed:Fate of salmonellas in the alimentary tract of chicks pre-treated with a mature caecal microflora to increase colonization resistance.
PubMed:Liquid chromatographic determination of carminic acid in yogurt.
PubMed:Control of salmonella infections in broiler chickens by the acid treatment of their feed.
PubMed:The vertical transmission of salmonellas and formic acid treatment of chicken feed. A possible strategy for control.
PubMed:Gas chromatographic, liquid chromatographic, and titrimetric procedures for determination of glycerin in allergenic extracts and diagnostic antigens: comparative study.
PubMed:Gas chromatographic determination of calcium propionate added as preservative to bread.
PubMed:Thin layer chromatographic confirmation of aflatoxin M1 extracted from milk.
PubMed:Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in edible vegetable oils by liquid chromatography and programmed fluorescence detection. Comparison of caffeine complexation and XAD-2 chromatography sample clean-up.
PubMed:[Use of sugar beet in porcine nutrition. 1. Effect of various methods of treatment on the gastrointestinal tract].
PubMed:Control of salmonella by acid disinfection of chicks' food.
PubMed:Chemical confirmatory tests for ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone performed directly on thin layer chromatographic plates.
PubMed:Growth and end-product formation in fermenter cultures of Brochothrix thermosphacta ATCC 11509T and two psychrotrophic Lactobacillus spp. in different gaseous atmospheres.
PubMed:[Formic acid in ginger bread--an adulterant?].
PubMed:A case of aflatoxicosis in fattening calves caused by aflatoxin formation in inadequate formic acid treated grain.
PubMed:Enzymatic synthesis of formic acid from H2 and CO2 and production of hydrogen from formic acid.
PubMed:The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with formic acid and formic acid-formaldehyde.
PubMed:Methanol Inhibition in Continuous Culture of Hansenula polymorpha.
PubMed:Gas chromatographic determination of propionic acid in bread and cake.
PubMed:Disappearance of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate in Bacillus subtilis vegetative cells upon carbon source deprivation.
PubMed:[Various methods for the determination of preservatives in food. I. Extraction and spectrophotometric determinations (author's transl)].
PubMed:The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep.
PubMed:[Hygienic significance of patulin in foods. 1. Analytical detection of patulin].
PubMed:[Confirmatory reactions for the identification of patulin in apple juice by thin layer chromatography].
PubMed:[The effect of addition of formic acid to the rations on the energy metabolism of sheep and young bulls].
PubMed:Feeding value of silage: silages made from freshly cut grass, wilted grass and formic acid treated wilted grass.
PubMed:A quantitative method for determination of aflatoxin B in roasted corn.
PubMed:[Determination of formic acid and formate contents in foods and food additives (author's transl)].
 
Notes:
Used as a flavouring adjunct, an animal feed additive, a brewing antiseptic and as a food preservative Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stings.; Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer.; This technique has problems of its own, particularly disposing of the ammonium sulfate byproduct, so some manufacturers have recently developed energy efficient means of separating formic acid from the large excess amount of water used in direct hydrolysis. In one of these processes (used by BASF) the formic acid is removed from the water via liquid-liquid extraction with an organic base.
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