|
Category:cosmetic agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Melting Point: | -32.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Boiling Point: | 818.72 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
|
| Flash Point: | 577.00 °F. TCC ( 302.70 °C. ) (est)
|
| logP (o/w): | 23.444 (est) |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 2.551e-020 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | cosmetic agents |
| Recommendation for triolein usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
|
| |
| Recommendation for triolein flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
|
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
| | emollients |
| | solvents |
| | viscosity controlling agents |
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | aldo TO | | | captex GTO | | | edenor NHTi-G | | | emerest 2423 | | | glycerin trioleate | | | glycerine trioleate | | | glycerol trioleate | | | glycerol triolein | | | glyceryl trioleate | | | kaolube 190 | | | kemester 1000 | | | lubricit GTO -H | | | medium chain triglyceride - captex GTO | | | monegyl - T060 | | | monegyl - T060Hi | | 2,3-bis[[(Z)- | octadec-9-enoyl]oxy]propyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate | | 9- | octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester | | 9- | octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester | | (9Z)-9- | octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester | | 9- | octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester | | 9- | octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)- | | 9- | octadecenoic-9,10-t2 acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- | | | oleic acid triglyceride | | | oleic triglyceride | | | olein, tri- | | | oleyl triglyceride | | 1,2,3- | propane triyl trioleate | | | propane-1,2,3-triyl (9Z,9'Z,9''Z)tris-octadec-9-enoate | | 1,2,3- | propanetriyl trioleate | | | raoline | | 1,2,3- | tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol | | 1,2,3- | tri(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol | | | triglyceride OOO | | | trioleoylglyceride | | | trioleoylglycerol |
Articles:
| PubMed:Final report on the safety assessment of trilaurin, triarachidin, tribehenin, tricaprin, tricaprylin, trierucin, triheptanoin, triheptylundecanoin, triisononanoin, triisopalmitin, triisostearin, trilinolein, trimyristin, trioctanoin, triolein, tripalmitin, tripalmitolein, triricinolein, tristearin, triundecanoin, glyceryl triacetyl hydroxystearate, glyceryl triacetyl ricinoleate, and glyceryl stearate diacetate. |
| PubMed:Spontaneous Emulsification of Triolein Induced by Mixed Micellar Solutions of Sodium Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether Sulfate and Dodecyldimethyl Amine Oxide. |
| PubMed:Milk Phospholipids Enhance Lymphatic Absorption of Dietary Sphingomyelin in Lymph-Cannulated Rats. |
| PubMed:Effects of Fruit Extracts on Pancreatic Lipase Activity in Lipid Emulsions. |
| PubMed:Exploring medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates production in the engineered yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. |
| PubMed:Effect of Microwave Heating on Phytosterol Oxidation. |
| PubMed:Thermal oxidation of cholesterol: Preliminary evaluation of 2-methyl-6-heptanone and 3-methylbutanal as volatile oxidation markers. |
| PubMed:Ultra small angle x-ray scattering in complex mixtures of triacylglycerols. |
| PubMed:Refining in silico simulation to study digestion parameters affecting the bioaccessibility of lipophilic nutrients and micronutrients. |
| PubMed:Enhancing vitamin E bioaccessibility: factors impacting solubilization and hydrolysis of α-tocopherol acetate encapsulated in emulsion-based delivery systems. |
| PubMed:Oil binding capacities of triacylglycerol crystalline nanoplatelets: nanoscale models of tristearin solids in liquid triolein. |
| PubMed:Monoolein production by triglycerides hydrolysis using immobilized Rhizopus oryzae lipase. |
| PubMed:The role of lipolysis in human orosensory fat perception. |
| PubMed:Triolein and trilinolein ameliorate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. |
| PubMed:Taste hedonics influence the disposition of fat by modulating gastric emptying in rats. |
| PubMed:Stearic acids at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG are more efficient at limiting fat deposition than palmitic and oleic acids in C57BL/6 mice. |
| PubMed:Determination of volatile thiols in lipid matrix by simultaneous derivatization/extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric analysis. Application to virgin olive oil. |
| PubMed:Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solvent extraction of papaya seed oil: yield, fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol profile. |
| PubMed:Mechanism of formation of trans fatty acids under heating conditions in triolein. |
| PubMed:Thermal deactivation kinetics of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase entrapped in AOT/isooctane reverse micelles. |
| PubMed:Hydroxyl radical induced by lipid in Maillard reaction model system promotes diet-derived N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine formation. |
| PubMed:Thermo-oxidation of cholesterol: effect of the unsaturation degree of the lipid matrix. |
| PubMed:Influence of vitamin E acetate and other lipids on the phase behavior of mesophases based on unsaturated monoglycerides. |
| PubMed:Estimation of plasma triglycerides with correction for free glycerol by orlistat inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity. |
| PubMed:Development of a standardised human in vitro digestion protocol based on macronutrient digestion using response surface methodology. |
| PubMed:Anti-obesity effects of galangin, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor in cafeteria diet fed female rats. |
| PubMed:Lipases immobilization for effective synthesis of biodiesel starting from coffee waste oils. |
| PubMed:Nanoscale characteristics of triacylglycerol oils: phase separation and binding energies of two-component oils to crystalline nanoplatelets. |
| PubMed:Sitosterol as an antioxidant in frying oils. |
| PubMed:Food restriction and refeeding induces changes in lipid pathways and fat deposition in the adipose and hepatic tissues in rats with diet-induced obesity. |
| PubMed:A study of the ozonolysis of model lipids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed:Effects of male hypogonadism on regional adipose tissue fatty acid storage and lipogenic proteins. |
| PubMed:Provenance of the oil in par-fried French fries after finish frying. |
| PubMed:The fatty acid translocase gene CD36 and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects. |
| PubMed:Synthesis of fatty acid sterol esters using cholesterol esterase from Trichoderma sp. AS59. |
| PubMed:Effect of Argyreia speciosa root extract on cafeteria diet-induced obesity in rats. |
| PubMed:C-terminal region of Candida rugosa lipases affects enzyme activity and interfacial activation. |
| PubMed:Purification, characterization and thermal inactivation kinetics of a non-regioselective thermostable lipase from a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8. |
| PubMed:Distribution of dimorphic yeast species in commercial extra virgin olive oil. |
| PubMed:cis-trans isomerization of carbon double bonds in monounsaturated triacylglycerols via generation of free radicals. |
| PubMed:Hypolipidemic effect of Pleurotus eryngii extract in fat-loaded mice. |
| PubMed:Optimization and application of methods of triacylglycerol evaluation for characterization of olive oil adulteration by soybean oil with HPLC-APCI-MS-MS. |
| PubMed:Pressure-induced phase transitions in triacylglycerides. |
| PubMed:SOA genes encode proteins controlling lipase expression in response to triacylglycerol utilization in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. |
| PubMed:Trans-11 vaccenic acid reduces hepatic lipogenesis and chylomicron secretion in JCR:LA-cp rats. |
| PubMed:Fatty acid selectivity of lipases during acidolysis reaction between triolein and saturated fatty acids varying from caproic to behenic acids. |
| PubMed:Quantification of fatty acids as methyl esters and phospholipids in cheese samples after separation of triacylglycerides and phospholipids. |
| PubMed:Screening of food grade lipases to be used in esterification and interesterification reactions of industrial interest. |
| PubMed:MALDI-TOF/MS fingerprinting of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in olive oils produced in the Israeli Negev desert. |
| PubMed:Lipase inhibitory activity in alcohol extracts of worldwide occurring plants and propolis. |
| PubMed:Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in soils to wheat roots with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes and comparison with chemical extraction. |
| PubMed:Greater fat oxidation with diacylglycerol oil consumption for 14 days compared with triacylglycerol oil consumption in overweight men and women. |
| PubMed:Radical scavenging activity of lipophilized products from lipase-catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids. |
| PubMed:Analysis of chemically synthesized oleoylethanolamide by gas-liquid chromatography. |
| PubMed:In vitro uptake of β-carotene by human exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. |
| PubMed:Fat utilization in healthy subjects consuming diacylglycerol oil diet: dietary and whole body fat oxidation. |
| PubMed:Biocompatible water-in-oil emulsion as a model to study ascorbic acid effect on lipid oxidation. |
| PubMed:Lipase-catalyzed butanolysis of triolein in ionic liquid and selective extraction of product using supercritical carbon dioxide. |
| PubMed:Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. |
| PubMed:Monovarietal extra virgin olive oils. Correlation between thermal properties and chemical composition: heating thermograms. |
| PubMed:Production of secondary metabolites by some terverticillate penicillia on carbohydrate-rich and meat substrates. |
| PubMed:Caloric restriction and refeeding promoted different metabolic effects in fat depots and impaired dyslipidemic profile in rats. |
| PubMed:Impact of fatty acyl composition and quantity of triglycerides on bioaccessibility of dietary carotenoids. |
| PubMed:Physical properties of canola oil based polyurethane networks. |
| PubMed:Importance of the residue Asp 290 on chain length selectivity and catalytic efficiency of recombinant Staphylococcus simulans lipase expressed in E. coli. |
| PubMed:Authentication of fattening diet of Iberian pig according to their triacylglycerols profile from subcutaneous fat. |
| PubMed:Physiological evaluation of the severity of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction during endoscopy. |
| PubMed:Diurnal regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and plasma lipid levels. |
| PubMed:Intestinal epithelial cells absorb gamma-tocotrienol faster than alpha-tocopherol. |
| PubMed:Identification and kinetic study of tyrosinase inhibitors found in sake lees. |
| PubMed:Lipase production by yeasts from extra virgin olive oil. |
| PubMed:Detection of adulteration of poppy seed oil with sunflower oil based on volatiles and triacylglycerol composition. |
| PubMed:Fast isolation of hydrophobic organic environmental contaminants from exposed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) prior to GC analysis. |
| PubMed:Acidolysis between triolein and short-chain fatty acid by lipase in organic solvents. |
| PubMed:Lipase-catalyzed biosynthesis of cinnamoylated lipids in a selected organic solvent medium. |
| PubMed:In vitro inhibitory effect of triterpenoidal saponins from Platycodi Radix on pancreatic lipase. |
| PubMed:Differences in labelled triolein turnover after oral administration between liver and adipose tissue of rats. |
| PubMed:Rapid clearance of hexachlorobenzene from chylomicrons. |
| PubMed:Purification and characterization of lipase in buckwheat seed. |
| PubMed:Inhibitory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on pancreatic lipase-mediated hydrolysis in lipid emulsion. |
| PubMed:Diet preferences for specific fatty acids and their effect on composition of fat reserves in migratory Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceous). |
| PubMed:Role of unsaponifiable fraction on the preference for beef tallow in C57Black/6 mice. |
| PubMed:Prediction of PCB content in sportfish using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). |
| PubMed:Effect of antioxidants on oxidative stability of edible fats and oils: thermogravimetric analysis. |
| PubMed:5-Hydroxy-7-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone: a pancreatic lipase inhibitor isolated from Alpinia officinarum. |
| PubMed:Preparation characteristics of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions using microchannel emulsification. |
| PubMed:Time-course changes in macronutrient metabolism induced by a nutritionally balanced low-calorie diet in obese women. |
| PubMed:Supercritical CO2 as a reaction medium for synthesis of capsaicin analogues by lipase-catalyzed transacylation of capsaicin. |
| PubMed:Mechanisms of TCDD-induced abnormalities and embryo lethality in white leghorn chickens. |
| PubMed:Toxicity of o,p'-DDE to medaka d-rR strain after a one-time embryonic exposure by in ovo nanoinjection: an early through juvenile life cycle assessment. |
| PubMed:[Diet therapy in the treatment of neuropediatric disorders]. |
| PubMed:Fish oil feeding is associated with an increased accumulation of dietary lipids in enterocytes: results from an in vivo study in rats. |
| PubMed:Gas chromatographic investigation of acrylamide formation in browning model systems. |
| PubMed:3-Methylethergalangin isolated from Alpinia officinarum inhibits pancreatic lipase. |
| PubMed:Importance of lipolysis in oral cavity for orosensory detection of fat. |
| PubMed:The safety of the use of ethyl oleate in food is supported by metabolism data in rats and clinical safety data in humans. |
| PubMed:Dynamics of competitive adsorption of alphas-casein and beta-casein at planar triolein-water interface: evidence for incompatibility of mixing in the interfacial film. |
| PubMed:Evidence of a relationship between autolysis of starter bacteria and lipolysis in cheddar cheese during ripening. |
| PubMed:A soybean peptide isolate diet promotes postprandial carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure in type II diabetic mice. |
| PubMed:Dietary fats differentially modulate the expression of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, apoprotein-A1 and scavenger receptor b1 in rats. |
| PubMed:Behavior of flavor compounds in model food systems: a thermodynamic study. |
| PubMed:Enhancing quality and oxidative stability of aged fried food with gamma-tocopherol. |
| PubMed:Solubilization of acyl heterogeneous triacylglycerol in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. |
| PubMed:Esterolytic and lipolytic activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from ewe's milk and cheese. |
| PubMed:Edible arabinoxylan-based films. 1. Effects of lipid type on water vapor permeability, film structure, and other physical characteristics. |
| PubMed:Lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue is little modified by age and nutritional state in broiler chickens. |
| PubMed:Triacylglycerol molecular weight and to a lesser extent, fatty acid positional distribution, affect chylomicron triacylglycerol composition in women. |
| PubMed:Application of infrared spectroscopy (attenuated total reflection) for monitoring enzymatic activity on substrate films. |
| PubMed:Dibutyrate derivatization of monoacylglycerols for the resolution of regioisomers of oleic, petroselinic, and cis-vaccenic acids. |
| PubMed:The influence of fasting/refeeding on the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue and muscle. |
| PubMed:Enteral infusion of phosphatidylcholine increases the lymphatic absorption of fat, but lowers alpha-tocopherol absorption in rats fed a low zinc diet* |
| PubMed:Inhibitory effect of monoacylglycerol on fatty acid uptake into rat intestinal epithelial cells. |
| PubMed:Identification of alpha-tocopherol oxidation products in triolein at elevated temperatures. |
| PubMed:Quantitative analysis of surface-located triacylglycerol in intact emulsion particles. |
| PubMed:Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the production of deep-fried odor in heated triolein and trilinolein. |
| PubMed:Adsorption Behavior of Egg Yolk Low-Density Lipoproteins in Oil-in-Water Emulsions. |
| PubMed:Analysis of conformational states of Candida rugosa lipase in solution: implications for mechanism of interfacial activation and separation of open and closed forms. |
| PubMed:Dietary fat modulates serum paraoxonase 1 activity in rats. |
| PubMed:Anti-obesity effects of lipase inhibitor CT-II, an extract from edible herbs, Nomame Herba, on rats fed a high-fat diet. |
| PubMed:Interfacial shear rheology of aged and heat-treated beta-lactoglobulin films: displacement by nonionic surfactant. |
| PubMed:Regulation of intestinal peptidases by nutrients in human fetuses and children. |
| PubMed:Combinatorial approach to flavor analysis. 1. Preparation and characterization of a S-methyl thioester library. |
| PubMed:Triglyceride oxidation in cystic fibrosis: a comparison between different 13C-labeled tracer substances. |
| PubMed:The orosensory recognition of long-chain fatty acids in rats. |
| PubMed:The effect of different dietary fatty acids on lipoprotein metabolism: concentration-dependent effects of diets enriched in oleic, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. |
| PubMed:[Pedicle transplantation of a transverse colon segment after total gastrectomy]. |
| PubMed:Hydrolysis of esters by staphylococci. |
| PubMed:Rapid synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV after gastric fat loading in rats. |
| PubMed:Effects of ethanol intake on lipid metabolism in the lactating rat. |
| PubMed:Studies on the lipid metabolism of Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats during the development of cancer cachexia. |
| PubMed:Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat on low density lipoprotein cholesterol. |
| PubMed:Stereoselectivity of lipases in supercritical carbon dioxide. I. Dependence of the regio- and enantioselectivity of porcine pancreas lipase on the water content during the hydrolysis of triolein and its partial glycerides. |
| PubMed:Factors that affect the performance of lipase on fat digestion and absorption in a canine model of pancreatic insufficiency. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of enteric coated tablet sensitive to pancreatic lipase. II. In vivo evaluation. |
| PubMed:Enzyme catalysis in multiphase systems: direct determination of water distribution. |
| PubMed:Food deprivation reduces rats' oil preference. |
| PubMed:Energy balance and lipid metabolism in transgenic mice bearing an antisense GCR gene construct. |
| PubMed:Effects of triiodothyronine administration on dietary [14C]triolein partitioning between deposition in adipose tissue and oxidation to [14C]CO2 in ad libitum-fed or food-restricted rats. |
| PubMed:Effects of feeding medium-chain triacylglycerols on maternal lipid metabolism and pup growth in lactating rats. |
| PubMed:Recovery of the ultrastructure of jejunal absorptive cells and absorption of nutrients in starved then re-fed rats. |
| PubMed:Inhibition of repairable DNA-damage in Escherichia coli K-12 cells recovered from various organs of nitrosamine-treated mice by vitamin A, phenethylisothiocyanate, oleic acid and triolein. |
| PubMed:Refeeding meal-fed rats increases lipoprotein lipase activity and deposition of dietary [14C]lipid in white adipose tissue and decreases oxidation to 14CO2. The role of undernutrition. |
| PubMed:Chemoreception for fat: do rats sense triglycerides directly? |
| PubMed:The effect of triacylglycerol chain length on food intake in domestic fowl. |
| PubMed:Preservation of short-term energy balance in clinically stable patients with AIDS. |
| PubMed:[Gastric evacuatory function in peptic ulcer studied using radionuclide research data]. |
| PubMed:The effect of bile diversion on satiety and fat absorption from liquid and solid dietary sources. |
| PubMed:Tissue-specific effects of starvation and refeeding on the disposal of oral [1-14C]triolein in the rat during lactation and on removal of litter. |
| PubMed:GI transit and absorption of solid food: multiple effects of guar. |
| PubMed:Rapid inhibition by intragastric triolein of the re-activation of glucose utilization and lipogenesis in the mammary gland during the starved-refed transition in lactating rats. Evidence for a direct effect of oral lipid on mammary tissue. |
| PubMed:Vagotomy and antrectomy impairs canine fat absorption from solid but not liquid dietary sources. |
| PubMed:Tumor growth and lipid metabolism during lactation in the rat. |
| PubMed:Lipase-catalyzed ester exchange reactions in organic media with controlled humidity. |
| PubMed:Isolation of two distinct activator proteins for lipoprotein lipase from ovine plasma. |
| PubMed:[Hormonal and functional changes and the quality of life in the late phase after gastric surgery for cancer]. |
| PubMed:The serum 14C-triolein/3H-oleic acid assimilation test for differential diagnosis of maldigestion and malabsorption. |
| PubMed:Increased cholesteryl ester content in liver of mice fed lipid emulsion diets high in polyunsaturated fats. |
| PubMed:Effect of fat retention on the rachitogenic effect of rye fed to broiler chicks. |
| PubMed:Estimation of 14C-triolein assimilation from postprandial serum radioactivity of 14C. |
| PubMed:Assessment of weight loss, food intake, fat metabolism, malabsorption, and treatment of pancreatic insufficiency in pancreatic cancer. |
| PubMed:Effect of pretreatment with a high fat diet on the gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin responses to oral triolein and glucose in rats. |
| PubMed:Influence of somatostatin on gastric motility and meal absorption in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. |
| PubMed:Anti-hypertriglyceridaemic activity of some phenylethylamine anorectic compounds. |
| PubMed:Normal and abnormal intestinal absorption by humans. |
| PubMed:The effects of specified chemical meals on food intake. |
| PubMed:Chemical reactions involved in deep-fat frying of foods: VIII. Characterization of nonvolatile decomposition products of triolein. |
| PubMed:Effects of ricinoleic and oleic acids on the digestive contractile activity of the canine small and large bowel. |
| PubMed:The influence of chemical modification on the hydrolysis of fats by pancreatic lipase and pregastric esterase with reference to fat digestion in the pre-ruminant calf. |
| PubMed:Studies on rumen metabolism. VI. In vitro hydrolysis of triglyceride and isolation of a lipolytic fraction. |
| PubMed:Role of coprophagy in utilization of triglycerides, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the rat. |
| PubMed:[Enzymatic transformations in dried food]. |
|
Constit. of olive oil and other vegetable oils
TG(18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) or Triolein is a monoacid triglyceride. Triglycerides (TGs) are also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides. TGs are fatty acid triesters of glycerol and may be divided into three general types with respect to their acyl substituents. They are simple or monoacid if they contain only one type of fatty acid, diacid if they contain two types of fatty acids and triacid if three different acyl groups. Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be of varying lengths and saturations but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. TGs are the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats. TGs are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice the energy (9 kcal/g) of carbohydrates and proteins. In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids (this process is called lipolysis) (with the help of lipases and bile secretions), which can then move into blood vessels. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the blood from their fragments and become constituents of lipoproteins, which deliver the fatty acids to and from fat cells among other functions. Various tissues can release the free fatty acids and take them up as a source of energy. Fat cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source, the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose for brain fuel when it is broken down. (www.cyberlipid.org, www.wikipedia.org); ; TAGs can serve as fatty acid stores in all cells, but primarily in adipocytes of adipose tissue. The major building block for the synthesis of triacylglycerides, in non-adipose tissue, is glycerol. Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase and so must use another route to TAG synthesis. Specifically, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is produced during glycolysis, is the precursor for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue. DHAP can also serve as a TAG precursor in non-adipose tissues, but does so to a much lesser extent than glycerol. The use of DHAP for the TAG backbone depends on whether the synthesis of the TAGs occurs in the mitochondria and ER or the ER and the peroxisomes. The ER/mitochondria pathway requires the action of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase then esterifies a fatty acid to glycerol-3-phosphate thereby generating lysophosphatidic acid. The ER/peroxisome reaction pathway uses the peroxisomal enzyme DHAP acyltransferase to acylate DHAP to acyl-DHAP which is then reduced by acyl-DHAP reductase. The fatty acids that are incorporated into TAGs are activated to acyl-CoAs through the action of acyl-CoA synthetases. Two molecules of acyl-CoA are esterified to glycerol-3-phosphate to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate (also known as phosphatidic acid). The phosphate is then removed by phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP1), to generate 1,2-diacylglycerol. This diacylglycerol serves as the substrate for addition of the third fatty acid to make TAG. Intestinal monoacylglycerols, derived from dietary fats, can also serve as substrates for the synthesis of 1,2-diacylglycerols.; Triolein is a triglyceride and unsaturated fat formed from oleic acid.
|
3D/inchi