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Category:cosmetic agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Melting Point: | 134.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Boiling Point: | 591.66 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
|
| Flash Point: | 593.00 °F. TCC ( 311.60 °C. ) (est)
|
| logP (o/w): | 0.080 |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 564.5 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 44 mg/kg
VM/SAC, Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician. Vol. 72, Pg. 1330, 1977.
intravenous-mouse LD50 24 mg/kg
Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Vol. 4(5), Pg. 66, 1977.
oral-mouse LD50 2515 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
International Congress and Symposium Series - Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited. Vol. 23, Pg. 45, 1980.
intravenous-rabbit LD > 8 mg/kg
VM/SAC, Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician. Vol. 72, Pg. 1330, 1977.
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 60 mg/kg
VM/SAC, Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician. Vol. 72, Pg. 1330, 1977.
intravenous-rat LD50 21 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
International Congress and Symposium Series - Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited. Vol. 23, Pg. 45, 1980.
oral-rat LD50 9200 uL/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACH
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES
BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA
Yakuri to Chiryo. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol. 6, Pg. 2599, 1978.
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 632 mg/kg
Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Vol. 4(5), Pg. 66, 1977.
subcutaneous-rat LD50 > 1000 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS
Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Vol. 4(5), Pg. 66, 1977.
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | cosmetic agents |
| Recommendation for chlorhexidine usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
|
| |
| Recommendation for chlorhexidine flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
|
Safety References:
| EPI System: View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov:search |
| Daily Med:search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :9552079 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| WGK Germany:3 |
| (1E)-2-[6-[[amino-[(E)-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]amino]methylidene]amino]hexyl]-1-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]guanidine |
| Chemidplus:0000055561 |
| RTECS:DU1925000 for cas# 55-56-1 |
References:
| | (1E)-2-[6-[[amino-[(E)-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]amino]methylidene]amino]hexyl]-1-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]guanidine |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Pubchem (cid): | 9552079 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134972280 |
Other Information:
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C06902 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB15016 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2925.20.4000 |
| MedlinePlusSupp: | View |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
Formulations/Preparations:
•0.12% oral solution: peridex (zila), periogard (colgate oral pharmaceuticals)
•pellet extended-release; 2.5 mg periochip (dexcel pharma)
•trade names for various chlorhexidine salts and formulations: chlorhexidine: sterilon, hibitane, rotersept; chlorhexidine dihydrochloride: lisium, arlacide h, ay-5312; chlorhexidine diacetate: hibitane diacetate, novalsan; chlorhexidine digluconate: abacil, anti plaque, arlacide g, bacticlens, chlorhexamed, disteryl, orahexal, septeal, unisept, corsodyl, hibiclens, hibidil, hibiscrub, hibitane, larylin, peridex, plac out, plurexid, rotersept, savacol, solvahex.
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Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | bioscrub | | | chlorhexidine, free base | | 1,6-bis[N'-(p- | chlorophenyl)-N5-biguanido]hexane | | {[(4- | chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethyl}{[(6-{[({[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethy l}amino)iminomethyl]amino}hexyl)amino]iminomethyl}amine | | {[(4- | chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethyl}{[(6-{[({[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]iminomethyl}amino)iminomethyl]amino}hexyl)amino]iminomethyl}amine | | 1,6-bis(5-(p- | chlorophenyl)biguandino)hexane | | 1,6-bis(5-(p- | chlorophenyl)biguanidino)hexane | | 1,6-bis(p- | chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane | | 1,6- | di(4'-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane | | 1,6- | di(N-p-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane | | | exidine | | 1,1'- | hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide) | | 1,1'- | hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide | | 1,1'- | hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide) | | 1,1'- | hexamethylenebis[5-(4-chlorophenyl)biguanide] | | 1,1'- | hexamethylenebis[5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide] | | N,N''''- | hexane-1,6-diylbis[N'-(4-chlorophenyl)(imidodicarbonimidic diamide)] | | N,N''''-1,6- | hexanediylbis[N'-(4-chlorophenyl)(imidodicarbonimidic diamide)] | | | hibispray | | | imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N,N''''-1,6-hexanediylbis[N'-(4-chlorophenyl)- | | | microderm | | | oro-clense | | | periochip | | | periogard | | | pharmaseal scrub care | | | prevacare R | | | savloclens | | | steri-stat | | 2,4,11,13- | tetraazatetradecanediimidamide, N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino- |
Articles:
| PubMed:The staining effect of different mouthwashes containing nanoparticles on dental enamel. |
| PubMed:Intervention to Reduce Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Individuals on Long-Term Ventilation by Introducing a Customized Bundle. |
| PubMed:Assessment of susceptibility of mould isolates towards biocides. |
| PubMed:Root Caries in Older Adults. |
| PubMed:Antibacterial paperboard packaging using microfibrillated cellulose. |
| PubMed:Correlation between antibiotic and biocide resistance in mesophilic and psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. isolated from slaughterhouse surfaces throughout meat chain production. |
| PubMed:Disinfectant choices in veterinary practices, shelters and households: ABCD guidelines on safe and effective disinfection for feline environments. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the Effect of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm on the 2% Chlorhexidine Substantivity: An In Vitro Study. |
| PubMed:Survival and susceptibility of Burkholderia cepacia complex in chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chloride. |
| PubMed:Aphthous ulcers (recurrent). |
| PubMed:Inhibited biofilm formation and improved antibacterial activity of a novel nanoemulsion against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans in vitro and in vivo. |
| PubMed:Effect of the hand antiseptic agents benzalkonium chloride, povidone-iodine, ethanol, and chlorhexidine gluconate on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. |
| PubMed:A randomized clinical trial compared the effect of intra-alveolar 0.2 % Chlorohexidine bio-adhesive gel versus 0.12% Chlorohexidine rinse in reducing alveolar osteitis following molar teeth extractions. |
| PubMed:Comparative efficacy of alcohol-based surgical scrubs: the importance of formulation. |
| PubMed:Characteristics of qacA/B-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients and a hospital environment in China. |
| PubMed:Antimicrobial Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on Cariogenic Bacteria Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and Periodontal Diseases Actinomyces naeslundii and Tannerella forsythia. |
| PubMed:Prospective evaluation of 2% (w/v) alcoholic chlorhexidine gluconate as an antiseptic agent for blood donor arm preparation. |
| PubMed:Comparative analysis of Salmonella susceptibility and tolerance to the biocide chlorhexidine identifies a complex cellular defense network. |
| PubMed:Role of EfrAB efflux pump in biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from traditional fermented foods and the effect of EDTA as EfrAB inhibitor. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of Melia azedarach extracts against Streptococcus mutans. |
| PubMed:Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses of chlorhexidine tolerance in Delftia acidovorans biofilms. |
| PubMed:In silico identification of novel kinase inhibitors targeting wild-type and T315I mutant ABL1 from FDA-approved drugs. |
| PubMed:Quantitative microbial risk assessment of antibacterial hand hygiene products on risk of shigellosis. |
| PubMed:Effects of an orabase formulation with ethanolic extract of Malva sylvestris L. in oral wound healing in rats. |
| PubMed:Effects of food colouring added to 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% alcohol for surgical site antisepsis. |
| PubMed:Nonsurgical management of inflammatory periimplant disease caused by food impaction: a clinical report. |
| PubMed:Analysis of triclosan-selected Salmonella enterica mutants of eight serovars revealed increased aminoglycoside susceptibility and reduced growth rates. |
| PubMed:Recurrent epistaxis in children. |
| PubMed:Biocide and copper tolerance in enterococci from different sources. |
| PubMed:Synergistic interaction and mode of action of Citrus hystrix essential oil against bacteria causing periodontal diseases. |
| PubMed:Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of four commonly used biocides on the conjugative transfer of Tn916 in Bacillus subtilis. |
| PubMed:Lethal and sub lethal effects of the biocide chlorhexidine on aquatic organisms. |
| PubMed:Action of food preservatives on 14-days dental biofilm formation, biofilm vitality and biofilm-derived enamel demineralisation in situ. |
| PubMed:Involvement of leptin in the progression of experimentally induced peritoneal fibrosis in mice. |
| PubMed:Influence of disinfectant solutions on test materials used for the determination of masticatory performance. |
| PubMed:Comparative analysis of the susceptibility to triclosan and three other biocides of avian Salmonella enterica isolates collected 1979 through 1994 and 2004 through 2010. |
| PubMed:Combined treatments of enterocin AS-48 with biocides to improve the inactivation of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and sessile cells. |
| PubMed:Surgical hand hygiene: scrub or rub? |
| PubMed:Assessment of the susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria to biocides. |
| PubMed:Minimizing human infection from Escherichia coli O157:H7 using GUMBOS. |
| PubMed:Disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from cattle carcasses, feces, and hides and ground beef from the United States. |
| PubMed:Development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli adapted to biocides. |
| PubMed:Prevalence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and/or biocides on meat processing plant surfaces throughout meat chain production. |
| PubMed:Comparative lethality kinetic curves and predictive models of F-value for Listeria monocytogenes using different sanitizers. |
| PubMed:Presence of antiseptic resistance genes in porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. |
| PubMed:Effects of efflux-pump inducers and genetic variation of the multidrug transporter cmeB in biocide resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. |
| PubMed:Dental disease prevalence among methamphetamine and heroin users in an urban setting: a pilot study. |
| PubMed:High-level vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium related to humans and pigs found in dust from pig breeding facilities. |
| PubMed:Susceptibility of anthocyanins to ex vivo degradation in human saliva. |
| PubMed:Double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to evaluate an antipruritic shampoo for dogs with allergic pruritus. |
| PubMed:Inspissated oral secretions and a review of their clinical, biological, and physiological significance. |
| PubMed:Caregiver acceptability and preferences for preventive dental treatments for young African-American children. |
| PubMed:Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in lumbar spine surgery. |
| PubMed:Efficacy of biocides used in the modern food industry to control salmonella enterica, and links between biocide tolerance and resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobial compounds. |
| PubMed:Involvement of efflux mechanisms in biocide resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. |
| PubMed:An expert panel report of a proposed scientific model demonstrating the effectiveness of antibacterial handwash products. |
| PubMed:Neurologic complications after chlorhexidine antisepsis for spinal anesthesia. |
| PubMed:Nonfluoride caries-preventive agents: new guidelines. |
| PubMed:Effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with biocides on planktonic and sessile Listeria monocytogenes. |
| PubMed:Effects of iodine intake and teat-dipping practices on milk iodine concentrations in dairy cows. |
| PubMed:Effects of iodine in microbial control of dental treatment water. |
| PubMed:Comparative antibacterial efficacy of endemic satureja khuzistanica jamzad essential oil, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate solutions as root canal irrigations. |
| PubMed:Amoebicidal effects of contact lens disinfecting solutions. |
| PubMed:A meta-analysis of the published literature on the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps. |
| PubMed:[Selection and spreading of antibiotic resistance in bacteria]. |
| PubMed:Food components with anticaries activity. |
| PubMed:Strict hand hygiene and other practices shortened stays and cut costs and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit. |
| PubMed:Food-borne enterococci and their resistance to oxidative stress. |
| PubMed:MRSA colonisation (eradicating colonisation in people without active/invasive infection). |
| PubMed:Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from turkeys in commercial processing plants for resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants, and a growth promoter. |
| PubMed:Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus. |
| PubMed:Ask us. White spot lesions: prevention and treatment. |
| PubMed:Design of the Prevention of Adult Caries Study (PACS): a randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of a chlorhexidine dental coating for the prevention of adult caries. |
| PubMed:[Clinical strains isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia]. |
| PubMed:Clinical and microbiological evaluation of the use of toothpaste containing 1% chlorhexidine and the influence of motivation on oral hygiene in patients with motor deficiency. |
| PubMed:Genotoxicity of two mouthwash products in the Drosophila Wing-Spot Test. |
| PubMed:Avagard hand antisepsis vs. traditional scrub in 3600 pediatric urologic procedures. |
| PubMed:Iodine in enteral and parenteral nutrition. |
| PubMed:Cost-effectiveness of an experimental caries-control regimen in a 3.4-yr randomized clinical trial among 11-12-yr-old Finnish schoolchildren. |
| PubMed:Clinical management of root caries. |
| PubMed:Chemical decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat. |
| PubMed:Caregiver acceptability and preferences for early childhood caries preventive treatments for Hispanic children. |
| PubMed:Application of the gingival contour plaque index: six-month plaque and gingivitis study. |
| PubMed:Gastroprotective and blood pressure lowering effects of dietary nitrate are abolished by an antiseptic mouthwash. |
| PubMed:Comparison of the efficacy of three different mouthrinse solutions in decreasing the level of streptococcus mutans in saliva. |
| PubMed:Investigation of functional and morphological changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells induced by Origanum compactum essential oil. |
| PubMed:Prevalence and risk factors for allergic contact dermatitis to topical treatment in atopic dermatitis: a study in 641 children. |
| PubMed:Efficacy of novel antimicrobial gloves impregnated with antiseptic dyes in preventing the adherence of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens. |
| PubMed:Burns (minor thermal). |
| PubMed:Chlorhexidine with an anti discoloration system after periodontal flap surgery: a cross-over, randomized, triple-blind clinical trial. |
| PubMed:Effects of commonly used food preservatives on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. |
| PubMed:Effect of food preservatives on in situ biofilm formation. |
| PubMed:A review of anti-septic agents for pre-operative skin preparation. |
| PubMed:Characterization of predominant bacteria isolates from clean rooms in a pharmaceutical production unit. |
| PubMed:Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from dairy products and frozen vegetables to antibiotics inhibiting murein synthesis and to disinfectants. |
| PubMed:Comparative of a new and innovative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate as topical antiseptic for preparation of the skin prior to surgery. |
| PubMed:Aphthous ulcers (recurrent). |
| PubMed:Antimicrobial effect of mastic gum methanolic extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis. |
| PubMed:Quantitative mapping of chlorhexidine in natural river biofilms. |
| PubMed:In vivo efficacy of an alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectant containing a synergistic combination of ethylhexylglycerin and preservatives. |
| PubMed:Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem. |
| PubMed:Assessment of benefits from use of antimicrobial hand products: reduction in risk from handling ground beef. |
| PubMed:The impact of periodontal therapy and the adjunctive effect of antiseptics on breath odor-related outcome variables: a double-blind randomized study. |
| PubMed:The prevention of plaque re-growth by toothpastes and solutions containing block copolymers with and without polypeptide. |
| PubMed:A unique water optional health care personnel handwash provides antimicrobial persistence and residual effects while decreasing the need for additional products. |
| PubMed:Residues of spinosad in the tissues of sheep after aerosol treatment of blowfly myiasis. |
| PubMed:The use of chlorhexidine/n-propyl gallate as a urine preservative. |
| PubMed:Susceptibility of different bacterial species isolated from food animals to copper sulphate, zinc chloride and antimicrobial substances used for disinfection. |
| PubMed:A salivary incubation test for evaluation of oral malodor: a pilot study. |
| PubMed:Elimination kinetics of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to stop lactation in mastitic mammary gland quarters of cows. |
| PubMed:Xylitol and dental caries: an overview for clinicians. |
| PubMed:Methodology for quantifying residues of chlorhexidine in raw dairy milk. |
| PubMed:Effects of high temperature and disinfectants on the viability of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. |
| PubMed:Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis. |
| PubMed:Risk assessment of hand washing efficacy using literature and experimental data. |
| PubMed:Disinfectant and antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the food industry. |
| PubMed:Diazepam submicron emulsions containing soya-bean oil and intended for oral or rectal delivery. |
| PubMed:The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation. |
| PubMed:Caries risk assessment and prevention: strategies for Head Start, Early Head Start, and WIC. |
| PubMed:Site specific delivery of antimicrobial agents for periodontal disease. |
| PubMed:New drug approvals in 1998. |
| PubMed:A new horizon for the dental hygienist: controlled local delivery of antimicrobials. |
| PubMed:Use of infrared thermography to detect inflammation caused by contaminated growth promotant ear implants in cattle. |
| PubMed:Efficacy of disinfection of shell eggs externally contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. Implications for egg testing. |
| PubMed:Cost-effectiveness of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. |
| PubMed:Different responses of planktonic and attached Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens to sanitizer treatment. |
| PubMed:Latest FDA approvals for dentistry. |
| PubMed:The time and ease of placement of the chlorhexidine chip local delivery system. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of potential disinfectants for preslaughter broiler crop decontamination. |
| PubMed:High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chlorhexidine in saliva after mouthrinsing. |
| PubMed:Development and evaluation of a new alcohol-based surgical hand scrub formulation with persistent antimicrobial characteristics and brushless application. |
| PubMed:Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis--its applicability in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. |
| PubMed:Clinical efficacy of a chlorous acid preoperative skin antiseptic. |
| PubMed:Decontaminating beef for Escherichia coli O157:H7. |
| PubMed:Potential hypersensitivity reactions to chlorhexidine-impregnated medical devices. |
| PubMed:Prevention of early childhood caries. |
| PubMed:From the Food and Drug Administration. |
| PubMed:The role of local drug delivery in the management of periodontal diseases: a comprehensive review. |
| PubMed:Formation of nitrosamines during consumption of nitrate- and amine-rich foods, and the influence of the use of mouthwashes. |
| PubMed:The comparative effect of acidified sodium chlorite and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque regrowth and salivary bacterial counts. |
| PubMed:The propensity of different brands of tea and coffee to cause staining associated with chlorhexidine. |
| PubMed:FDA panel finds insufficient data to approve antimicrobial glove. |
| PubMed:Gradient liquid chromatographic method for determination of chlorhexidine and its degradation products in bulk material. |
| PubMed:Erosive and ulcerative skin disease. |
| PubMed:Caries diagnosis and risk assessment. A review of preventive strategies and management. |
| PubMed:Susceptibility of suspended and surface-attached Salmonella enteritidis to biocides and elevated temperatures. |
| PubMed:Dietary staining in vitro by mouthrinses as a comparative measure of antiseptic activity and predictor of staining in vivo. |
| PubMed:Glucose uptake by Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and inhibition by pediocin JD. |
| PubMed:Identification and isolation of chlorhexidine digluconate impurities. |
| PubMed:Efficacy evaluations on five chlorhexidine teat dip formulations. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of 57 teat sanitizers using excised cow teats. |
| PubMed:Inhibition of plaque formation and gingivitis in beagle dogs by topical use of a degradable controlled-release system containing chlorhexidine. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the repeatability and reproducibility of European suspension test methods for antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics. |
| PubMed:[Individual risk assessment of caries]. |
| PubMed:Bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes provide a rapid assay for measuring biocide efficacy. |
| PubMed:How the FDA and the ADA affect development of prescription drugs for oral care. |
| PubMed:Quantitative relationship between oral nitrate-reducing activity and the endogenous formation of N-nitrosoamino acids in humans. |
| PubMed:Problems affecting the liquid chromatographic quantitation of chlorhexidine digluconate in ophthalmic solutions. |
| PubMed:Importance of neutralizers in the stripping fluid in a simulated healthcare personnel handwash. |
| PubMed:Fermentable simple sugars in self-administered medications as aetiologic agents in rampant caries. Case report. |
| PubMed:In vivo bioluminescence: a cellular reporter for research and industry. |
| PubMed:[Plaque and plaque control]. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the skin disinfecting activity and cumulative effect of chlorhexidine and triclosan handwash preparations on hands artificially contaminated with Serratia marcescens. |
| PubMed:Experts discuss development of spermicides. |
| PubMed:[Contraceptive development--the view from the U.S.A. in the mid 80s]. |
| PubMed:Extrinsic tooth discoloration by metals and chlorhexidine. I. Surface protein denaturation or dietary precipitation? |
| PubMed:Chemical plaque control and extrinsic tooth discoloration. A review of possible mechanisms. |
| PubMed:An in vitro and in vivo study of the effect of incorporation of chlorhexidine into autopolymerizing acrylic resin plates upon the growth of Candida albicans. |
| PubMed:Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of antiseptic mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine, alexidine, cetyl pyridinium chloride and hexetidine. Relevance to mode of action. |
| PubMed:An in vitro study of the role of dietary factors in the aetiology of tooth staining associated with the use of chlorhexidine. |
| PubMed:[Control of the effectiveness of chlorhexidine and a sulfamide compound in nasal carriers of pathogenic Staphylococcus]. |
| PubMed:[Caries prophylaxis]. |
| PubMed:Binding of dyes to chlorhexidine-treated hydroxyapatite. |
| PubMed:[Plaque formation and its prevention]. |
| PubMed:Intrinsic and extrinsic discoloration of the dentition (a literature review). |
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