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Category:masking agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00
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| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Melting Point: | 107.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Boiling Point: | 304.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
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| Vapor Pressure: | 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | 237.00 °F. TCC ( 113.80 °C. ) (est)
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| logP (o/w): | 2.200 |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 160 mg/L @ 30 °C (exp) | | | water, 793.8 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
intraperitoneal-chicken LDLo 100 mg/kg
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 43, Pg. 125, 1940.
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 50 mg/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD691-490
oral-mouse LD50 500 mg/kg
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 43, Pg. 125, 1940.
oral-rabbit LDLo 230 mg/kg
VASCULAR: OTHER CHANGES
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 75, Pg. 111, 1942.
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 75 mg/kg
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 18, Pg. 185, 1971.
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 138 mg/kg
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 75, Pg. 111, 1942.
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | masking agents |
| Recommendation for menadione usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| Recommendation for menadione flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulphite and menadione nicotinamide bisulphite) as a feed additive for all animal species
View page or View pdf
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| EPI System: View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov:search |
| Daily Med:search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):58-27-5 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :4055 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| WGK Germany:3 |
| 2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione |
| Chemidplus:0000058275 |
| RTECS:QL9100000 for cas# 58-27-5 |
References:
Other Information:
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| Golm Metabolome Database: | Search |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C05377 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB01892 |
| FooDB: | FDB000953 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2936.29.5050 |
| VCF-Online: | VCF Volatile Compounds in Food |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
Formulations/Preparations:
•menadione, nf (vit k3)...avail in oral admin in tablets containing 2, 5, or 10 mg, & as sterile soln of menadione in oil (usually 2, 10, or 25 mgml) designed for im admin.
•menadione sodium bisulfite, nf (hykinone)...white crystalline, hygroscopic powder. ...sol in water...marketed in 5-mg tablets & in ampuls5-10 mgml. menadiol sodium diphosphate injection, nf (kappadione, synkavite)...ampuls...5, 10, or 37.5 mgml. menadiol sodium diphosphate tablets, nf...5 mg...
•menadiol sodium diphosphate injection, nf (kappadione, synkavite), is marketed in ampuls containing 5, 10, or 37.5 mgml. menadiol sodium diphosphate tablets, nf, contain 5 mg of salt for oral use.
•commercially significant forms are menadione sodium bisulfite and menadione dimethyl pyrimidinol.
•menadione is available as a 2, 5, and 10 mg tablet and as a 2 and 10 mgml injection (in oil).
•trade names for menadione include: aquakay, aquinone, austrovit-k depot, hemodal, k-thrombyl, k-vitan, kaergona, kanone, kaom belgarum, kappaxan, kappaxin, karanum, karcon, kareon, kativ-g, kavitamin, kayklot, kaykot, kayquinone, kipca, kipca-oil soluble, klottone, koaxin, kolklot, menadion, menaphthon, menaphthone, menaquinone 0, mitenon, mitenone, mnq, neo-zimema-k, panosine, prokayvit, synkay, thyloquinone, vikaman, vita-noxi k, and vitavel-k.
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Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | aquakay | | | aquinone | | 1,4- | dhydro-1,4-dioxo-2-methylnaphthalene | | 1,4- | dihydro-1,4-dioxo-2-methylnaphthalene | | 1,4- | dihydro-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione | | | hykinone | | | juva-K | | | K-vitan | | | kaergona | | | kanone | | | kappaxan | | | kappaxin | | | karcon | | | kareon | | | kativ-G | | | kayklot | | | kaykot | | | kaynone | | | kayquinone | | | koaxin | | | kolklot | | | menadion | | | menaphthene | | | menaphtone | | | menaquinone O | | 2- | methyl-1,4-naphthalendione | | 2- | methyl-1,4-naphthochinone | | 2- | methyl-1,4-naphthodione | | 2- | methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone | | 2- | methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione | | 1,4- | naphthalenedione, 2-methyl- | | 1,4- | naphthoquinone, 2-methyl- | | | panosine | | | synkay | | | vitamin K3 | | | vitamin-K3 |
Articles:
| PubMed:External mitochondrial NADH-dependent reductase of redox cyclers: VDAC1 or Cyb5R3? |
| PubMed:Assessment of Aerobic and Respiratory Growth in the Lactobacillus casei Group. |
| PubMed:Anti-tumor effects of novel 5-O-acyl plumbagins based on the inhibition of mammalian DNA replicative polymerase activity. |
| PubMed:Lifespan extension and delay of age-related functional decline caused by Rhodiola rosea depends on dietary macronutrient balance. |
| PubMed:Vitamin K metabolism: Current knowledge and future research. |
| PubMed:Selection of mutants tolerant of oxidative stress from respiratory cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum C17. |
| PubMed:Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of vitamins D and K in foods by liquid chromatography with diode-array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry detection. |
| PubMed:Rapeseed oil-rich diet alters in vitro menadione and nimesulide hepatic mitochondrial toxicity. |
| PubMed:Synergistic cytotoxicity induced by α-solanine and α-chaconine. |
| PubMed:Specific dietary carbohydrates differentially influence the life span and fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster. |
| PubMed:Small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus--a bacterial survival strategy. |
| PubMed:Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of plumbagin and other naphthoquinones. |
| PubMed:Screening test for rapid food safety evaluation by menadione-catalysed chemiluminescent assay. |
| PubMed:A nonribosomal peptide synthetase mediates siderophore production and virulence in the citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. |
| PubMed:Respiratory capacity of the Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast isolated from the mezcal process during oxidative stress. |
| PubMed:Roles for SKN7 response regulator in stress resistance, conidiation and virulence in the citrus pathogen Alternaria alternata. |
| PubMed:Vitamin E decreases extra-hepatic menaquinone-4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone. |
| PubMed:Dietary intake of menaquinone-4 may determine hepatic and pancreatic menaquinone-4 in chickens. |
| PubMed:The NADPH oxidase-mediated production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and resistance to oxidative stress in the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata of citrus. |
| PubMed:Adaptive stress response to menadione-induced oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377. |
| PubMed:Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. |
| PubMed:In vitro biotransformation and investigation of metabolic enzymes possibly responsible for the metabolism of bisdesoxyolaquindox in the liver fractions of rats, chicken, and pigs. |
| PubMed:A polyacetylene from Gymnaster koraiensis exerts hepatoprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. |
| PubMed:Antioxidant effectiveness of coffee extracts and selected constituents in cell-free systems and human colon cell lines. |
| PubMed:The metabolism and N-oxide reduction of olaquindox in liver preparations of rats, pigs and chicken. |
| PubMed:The role of reactive oxygen species in the induction of Ty1 retrotransposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. |
| PubMed:The effect of pretreatment or combined treatment of quercetin on menadione toxicity in rat primary mixed glial cells in vitro. |
| PubMed:Characterization of a nitroreductase with selective nitroreduction properties in the food and intestinal lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. |
| PubMed:Novel cytotoxicity test based on menadione-catalyzed H2O2 productivity for food safety evaluation. |
| PubMed:Rapid detection of cytotoxicity of food additives and contaminants by a novel cytotoxicity test, menadione-catalyzed H(2)O (2) production assay. |
| PubMed:Spectrofluorimetric study of the beta-cyclodextrin:vitamin K3 complex and determination of vitamin K3. |
| PubMed:Impact of delphinidin on the maintenance of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. |
| PubMed:The isothiocyanate class of bioactive nutrients covalently inhibit the MEKK1 protein kinase. |
| PubMed:Study on the electrochemiluminescent behavior of menadione sodium bisulfite in presence of luminol. |
| PubMed:Enhancing survival of Escherichia coli by increasing the periplasmic expression of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the probe dihydrocalcein acetoxymethylester as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and comparison with oxidative DNA base modification determined by modified alkaline elution technique. |
| PubMed:Expression of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Pichia pastoris and its resistance to oxidative stress. |
| PubMed:Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, Part 2. |
| PubMed:Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 1. |
| PubMed:Equol: a comparison of the effects of the racemic compound with that of the purified S-enantiomer on the growth, invasion, and DNA integrity of breast and prostate cells in vitro. |
| PubMed:[Menadione-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence assay for the rapid detection of viable bacteria]. |
| PubMed:Modulation of oxidative cell damage by reconstituted mixtures of phenolic apple juice extracts in human colon cell lines. |
| PubMed:In vivo relevance of two critical levels for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated cellular protection against electrophile toxicity found in vitro. |
| PubMed:Selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in Tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria. |
| PubMed:Menadione-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence assay for the rapid detection of viable bacteria in foods under aerobic conditions. |
| PubMed:Electrochemical evaluation of the inhibitory effects of weak acids on Zygosaccharomyces bailii. |
| PubMed:Effect of menadione sodium bisulfite, an inducer of plant defenses, on the dynamic of banana phytoalexin accumulation during pathogenesis. |
| PubMed:Stress situations induce cyanide-resistant respiration in spoilage yeasts. |
| PubMed:Rapid identification of viable Escherichia coli subspecies with an electrochemical screen-printed biosensor array. |
| PubMed:Effect of menadione (vitamin K3) addition on lipid oxidation and tocopherols content in plant oils. |
| PubMed:Paraquat and menadione exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)--studies of effects on the pentose-phosphate shunt and thiamine levels in liver and kidney. |
| PubMed:Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) protects against menadione-induced DNA damage through scavenging of reactive oxygen species: bioassay-directed isolation and characterization of active principles. |
| PubMed:Gamma-tocopherol is less effective than alpha-tocopherol in preventing oxidant-induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells. |
| PubMed:Efficient production of menaquinone (vitamin K2) by a menadione-resistant mutant of Bacillus subtilis. |
| PubMed:Influence of added menadione (vitamin K3) on dissolution and dimerization of tocopherols and autoxidation of triacylglycerols during storage of plant oils. |
| PubMed:Effects of dietary vitamin K on survival, growth, and tissue concentrations of phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) for juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. |
| PubMed:Mechanism of protection by the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin, against tert-butylhydroperoxide- and menadione-induced DNA single strand breaks in Caco-2 cells. |
| PubMed:Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs. |
| PubMed:Antimutagenic effects and possible mechanisms of action of vitamins and related compounds against genotoxic heterocyclic amines from cooked food. |
| PubMed:UVA1 radiation triggers two different final apoptotic pathways. |
| PubMed:Bone structure and strength at different ages in laying hens and effects of dietary particulate limestone, vitamin K and ascorbic acid. |
| PubMed:Hydrogen peroxide causes RAD9-dependent cell cycle arrest in G2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whereas menadione causes G1 arrest independent of RAD9 function. |
| PubMed:Toxicity of linoleic acid hydroperoxide to Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of a respiration-related process for maximal sensitivity and adaptive response. |
| PubMed:Immortalized hepatocytes as in vitro model systems for toxicity testing: the comparative toxicity of menadione in immortalized cells, primary cultures of hepatocytes and HTC hepatoma cells. |
| PubMed:Effects of bio-normalizer (a food supplementation) on free radical production by human blood neutrophils, erythrocytes, and rat peritoneal macrophages. |
| PubMed:Cytotoxicity of retinoic acid, menadione and aflatoxin B(1) in rat liver slices using Netwell inserts as a new culture system. |
| PubMed:Production and application of monoclonal antibodies specific to pyrroloquinoline quinone. |
| PubMed:Pathology of 2-alkyl and 2-hydroxy naphthoquinone toxicity in rats. |
| PubMed:Reduction and mutagenic activation of nitroaromatic compounds by a Mycobacterium sp. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the antimutagenic potential of anthracene: in vitro and ex vivo studies. |
| PubMed:Differential toxicity of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and related naphthoquinones to saturniid moths. |
| PubMed:The dose-dependent effect of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) on vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation in rats. |
| PubMed:Induction of the anti-carcinogenic enzyme quinone reductase by food extracts using murine hepatoma cells. |
| PubMed:Quantifying the vitamin K requirement of juvenile marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with menadione. |
| PubMed:S-thiolation and irreversible oxidation of sulfhydryls on carbonic anhydrase III during oxidative stress: a method for studying protein modification in intact cells and tissues. |
| PubMed:Selenium deficiency suppresses the S-glutathiolation of carbonic anhydrase III in rat hepatocytes under oxidative stress. |
| PubMed:Contribution of phenolic and quinonoid structures in the mutagenicity of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. |
| PubMed:Comparison of the azoreductase and nitroreductase from Clostridium perfringens. |
| PubMed:The development of a blood clotting response test for discriminating between difenacoum-resistant and susceptible Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus, Berk.). |
| PubMed:Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by anaerobic bacteria isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. |
| PubMed:Responses of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in mussels to oxidative damage exposure. |
| PubMed:A vitamin-K2-binding factor secreted from Bacillus subtilis. |
| PubMed:Comparative investigation of vitamins and their analogues on terminal differentiation, from preadipocytes to adipocytes, of 3T3-L1 cells. |
| PubMed:Upper limits of vitamin A in infant formulas, with some comments on vitamin K. |
| PubMed:Alterations in energy status by menadione metabolism in hepatocytes isolated from fasted and fed rats. |
| PubMed:Fluorimetric determination of vitamin K3 (menadione sodium bisulfite) in synthetic animal feed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column zinc reducer. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of vitamin K3 feed additive for prevention of sweet clover disease. |
| PubMed:Newly developed model for vitamin K deficiency in germfree mice. |
| PubMed:Experimental systems which modify and simulate rapeseed-induced liver haemorrhages in in-lay hens. |
| PubMed:Menadione-induced oxidative stress in hepatocytes isolated from fed and fasted rats: the role of NADPH-regenerating pathways. |
| PubMed:Dietary influences on rat hepatic and intestinal DT-diaphorase activity. |
| PubMed:In vitro studies of mechanisms of cytotoxicity. |
| PubMed:Direct gas-liquid chromatographic determination of water-soluble vitamin K3 in feed premixes. |
| PubMed:EFFECT OF METHIONINE AND VITAMIN K3 ON HEMORRHAGES INDUCED BY FEEDING A RATION CONTAINING IRRADIATED BEEF. |
| PubMed:EFFECT OF VITAMIN K3 AND TESTOSTERONE ON HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN RATS FED IRRADIATED BEEF. |
| PubMed:Two transaldolase isogenes from Moniliella megachiliensis behave in a different way depending on the stress class. |
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a synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin k2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. Prothrombogenic vitamin (synthetic)
A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. -- Pubchem; Despite the fact that it can serve as a precursor to various types of vitamin K, menadione is generally not used as a nutritional supplement. Large doses of menadione have been reported to cause adverse outcomes including hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency, neonatal brain or liver damage, or neonatal death in some cases. Moreover, menadione supplements have been banned by the FDA because of their high toxicity.; It is sometimes called vitamin K3, although derivatives of naphthoquinone without the sidechain in the 3-position cannot exert all the functions of the K vitamins. Menadione is a vitamin precursor of K2 which utilizes alkylation in the liver to yield menaquinones (MK-n, n=1-13; It is also known as "menaphthone".; It is sometimes called vitamin K3, although derivatives of naphthoquinone without the side chain in the 3-position cannot exert all the functions of the K vitamins. Menadione is a vitamin precursor of K2 which utilizes alkylation to yield menaquinones (MK-n, n=1-13; K2 vitamers), and hence, is better classified as a provitamin.; K2 vitamers), and hence, is better classified as a provitamin. -- Wikipedia; Menadione (Vitamin K3) is a fat-soluble vitamin precursor that is converted into menaquinone in the liver. Vitamin K1 and K2 are the naturally occurring types of vitamin K. The former, which is also known as phylloquinone, is synthesized by plants and can be found in such foods as spinach, broccoli, lettuce, and soybeans. The latter, sometimes alternatively referred to as menaquinone, is primarily produced by bacteria in the anterior part of the gut and the intestines. Vitamin K3, on the other hand, is one of the many manmade versions of vitamin K. Also called menadione, this yellowish, synthetic crystalline substance is converted into the active form of the K2 vitamin inside of the animal body. While a vitamin K deficiency can be dangerous, especially to infants that may easily suffer from extensive hemorrhaging, an overdose can be as equally detrimental. Newborns that are administered too great a dosage of vitamin K3 can suffer from kernicterus, a form of severe brain damage that may produce decreased movement, loss of appetite, seizures, deafness, mental retardation, and even death. This condition is associated with an abnormally high concentration of bilirubin, a bile pigment, in the tissues of the brain, which can be caused by the presence of K3. For this reason, K3 is less often utilized medically than it was in former times.; Menadione is a polycyclic aromatic ketone, based on 1,4-naphthoquinone, with a 2-methyl substituent.
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3D/inchi