triethyl citrate
 
Notes:
Used in foods as a flavouring agent, solvent and surface-active agent Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white. In pharmaceutical coatings and plastics.
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Fragrance Demo Formulas    Flavor Demo Formulas
Name: triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
CAS Number: 77-93-0Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 201-070-7
FDA UNII:8Z96QXD6UM
Nikkaji Web: J4.215C
Beilstein Number: 1801199
MDL: MFCD00009201
FEMA Number: 3083
CoE Number: 11762
XlogP3-AA: 0.10 (est)
Molecular Weight: 276.28580000
Formula: C12 H20 O7
BioActivity Summary: listing
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
EFSA/JECFA Comments: ADI: 0-20 (JECFA, 1984a).
Category: carrier solvents/deluents for flavors and/or fragrances
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
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Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
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PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
 FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices:
184.1911 Triethyl citrate View-review
EU SANCO Triethyl citrate View-review
JECFA Food Flavoring: 629  triethyl citrate
JECFA Food Additive: Triethyl Citrate
GSFA Codex: Triethyl citrate (1505)
Flavis Number: 09.512 (Old)
DG SANTE Food Flavourings: 09.512  triethyl citrate
DG SANTE Food Additives: triethyl citrate
DG SANTE Food Contact Materials: triethyl citrate
FEMA Number: 3083  triethyl citrate
FDA Mainterm: TRIETHYL CITRATE
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS
Subpart C--Substances for Use as Components of Coatings
Sec. 175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings.


FDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS
Subpart C--Substances for Use as Components of Coatings
Sec. 175.320 Resinous and polymeric coatings for polyolefin films.


FDA PART 181 -- PRIOR-SANCTIONED FOOD INGREDIENTS
Subpart B--Specific Prior-Sanctioned Food Ingredients
Sec. 181.27 Plasticizers.
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Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless clear oily liquid (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.13500 to 1.13900 @  25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 9.444 to  9.478
Refractive Index: 1.43200 to 1.44400 @  20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -46.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 127.00 °C. @ 1.00 mm Hg
Acid Value: 0.50 max. KOH/g
Vapor Pressure: 0.000175 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 9.7 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 245.00 °F. TCC ( 118.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 1.267 (est)
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Soluble in:
 water, 6.5 gm/100 ml water
 cellulose acetate
 cellulose acetate butyrate
 cellulose nitrate
 chlorinated rubber
 ethyl cellulose
 polyvinyl acetate
 polyvinyl butyral
 polyvinyl chloride
 polyvinyl chloride acetate
 polyvinyl vinylidene chloride
 water, 6.50E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Insoluble in:
 water
Stability:
 will not support fungous grouth in resins
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Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Strength: none
Odor Description:
at 100.00 %. 
odorless to mild fruity wine
Substantivity: 216 Hour(s)
  
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Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: antioxidants
deodorants
masking agents
plasticisers
solvents
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Safety Information:
Most important hazard(s):
None - None found.
  S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Human Experience: 20 % solution: no irritation or sensitization.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
  oral-rat LD50  5900 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 16, Pg. 214, 1985.

gavage-rat LD50  7000 mg/kg
Actual LD50 not reported.Value reported as approximate LD50.
(Finkelstein & Gold, 1959)

intraperitoneal-rat LD50  4000 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 16, Pg. 214, 1985.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50  1750 mg/kg
VASCULAR: OTHER CHANGES BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 53, Pg. 774, 1964.

oral-guinea pig LD50  > 25 ml/kg
German Offenlegungsschrift Patent Document. Vol. #2703360

oral-cat LD50  3500 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 389, 1979.

Dermal Toxicity:
  skin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 389, 1979.

subcutaneous-rat LD50 6600 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 16, Pg. 214, 1985.

Inhalation Toxicity:
  inhalation-rat LC50 1300 ppm/6H
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: PLEURAL EFFUSION
"Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," 2nd ed., Patty, F.A., ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958-63Vol. 2, Pg. 1892, 1963.

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Safety in Use Information:
Category: carrier solvents/deluents for flavors and/or fragrances
Recommendation for triethyl citrate usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 2900.00 (μg/capita/day)
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -230.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -12.00000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: --
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -47.00000
fruit ices: -47.00000
gelatins / puddings: -10.00000
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -180.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
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Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(efsa): Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to - Flavouring Group Evaluation 10: Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13 and 30 - (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000)
View page or View pdf
Flavouring Group Evaluation 10, Revision 1 (FGE10 Rev1)[1] - Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13 and 30 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 10, Revision 2 (FGE.10Rev2): Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acetals, carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13 and 30
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of straight-chain primary aliphatic alcohols/aldehydes/acids, acetals and esters with esters containing saturated alcohols and acetals containing saturated aldehydes (chemical group 1) when used as flavourings for all animal species
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards: search
NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Search
Env. Mutagen Info. Center: Search
NLM Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 77-93-0
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 6506
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany:1
 triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Chemidplus: 0000077930
RTECS: 77-93-0
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References:
 triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 77-93-0
Pubchem (cid): 6506
Pubchem (sid): 134972806
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS): View
CHEMBL: View
KEGG (GenomeNet): D06228
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB34263
FooDB: FDB012587
Export Tariff Code: 2918.15.5000
Haz-Map: View
Household Products: Search
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
RSC Learn Chemistry: View
FAO: Triethyl citrate
Formulations/Preparations:
grades: technical; refinded; fcc
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
 fixer 
 solvents 
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 cabbage
Search Trop  Picture
 wine white wine
Search  Picture
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Synonyms:
 citric acid triethyl ester
 citroflex 2
 diethyl 3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioate
 ethyl citrate
 eudraflex
 hydragen cat
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid triethyl ester
 triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylate
 triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane- tricarboxylate
 triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
 triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
1,2,3-triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
 triethyl cirtrate
nat.triethyl citrate
 triethyl citrate BP pharmaceutical grade
 triethyl citrate FCC grade
 triethyl citrate N.F. grade
 triethyl citrate natural
 triethyl citrate regular grade
 triethyl citrate synthetic
 triethyl citrate, natural
 triethyl ctirate BP/EP pharmaceutical grade
 uniplex 80
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Articles:
Info: EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS
PubMed: Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of the breaking force of extended-release matrix tablets prepared by roller-compaction: influence of plasticizer levels and sintering temperature.
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PubMed: Design of innovated lipid-based floating beads loaded with an antispasmodic drug: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation.
PubMed: Plasticized branched aliphatic oligoesters as potential mucoadhesive drug carriers.
PubMed: Polyvinyl acetate-based film coatings.
PubMed: Effect of type and ratio of solubilising polymer on characteristics of hot-melt extruded orodispersible films.
PubMed: [Development and in vitro evaluation of estradiol transdermal film-forming spray].
PubMed: Plasticizer effects on physical-mechanical properties of solvent cast Soluplus® films.
PubMed: Salicylic acid peel incorporating triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of moderate acne: a new therapeutic approach.
PubMed: Analysis of curing of a sustained release coating formulation by application of NIR spectroscopy to monitor changes physical-mechanical properties.
PubMed: The effect of plasticizers on the erosion and mechanical properties of polymeric films.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release doxazosin mesylate pellets.
PubMed: [Preliminary study on chemical constituents seperated from Cayratia japonica].
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PubMed: Mucoadhesive multiparticulate patch for the intrabuccal controlled delivery of lidocaine.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release matrix tablets based on metoprolol and an acrylic carrier using injection moulding.
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PubMed: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gliclazide push-pull osmotic pump coated with aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions.
PubMed: Moisture plasticization for enteric Eudragit® L30D-55-coated pellets prior to compression into tablets.
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PubMed: Evaluating the process parameters of the dry coating process using a 2(5-1) factorial design.
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PubMed: Development and evaluation of in situ novel intragastric controlled-release formulation of hydrochlorothiazide.
PubMed: Design of a combined process for the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid whole egg at 55°C.
PubMed: Comparison of physicomechanical properties of films prepared from organic solutions and aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RL.
PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives. Seventy-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
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PubMed: The use of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate plasticization of acrylic polymer films under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
PubMed: Sustained release coating of tablets with Eudragit(®) RS/RL using a novel electrostatic dry powder coating process.
PubMed: Influence of plasticizer type and level on the properties of Eudragit S100 matrix pellets prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
PubMed: Applications of KinetiSol dispersing for the production of plasticizer free amorphous solid dispersions.
PubMed: Curing of aqueous polymeric film coatings: Importance of the coating level and type of plasticizer.
PubMed: Properties of theophylline tablets dry powder coated with Eudragit E PO and Eudragit L 100-55.
PubMed: Properties of melt extruded enteric matrix pellets.
PubMed: Precursor effects of citric acid and citrates on ZnO crystal formation.
PubMed: Properties of theophylline tablets dry powder coated with Eudragit((R)) E PO and Eudragit((R)) L 100-55.
PubMed: Preparation and in vitro characterization of piroxicam enteric coated pellets using powder layering technique.
PubMed: Development and characterization of extended release Kollidon SR mini-matrices prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
PubMed: Development and evaluation of a time-specific pulsatile-release tablet of aceclofenac: a solution for morning pain in rheumatoid arthritis.
PubMed: Influence of additives on melt viscosity, surface tension, and film formation of dry powder coatings.
PubMed: Effect of plasticizer on release kinetics of diclofenac sodium pellets coated with Eudragit RS 30 D.
PubMed: Influence of the components of Kollicoat SR film on mechanical properties of floating pellets from the point of view of tableting.
PubMed: Designing, optimisation & characterization of sustained release matrix pellets prepared by extrusion spheronization containing mixture of proteolytic enzymes.
PubMed: Influence of plasticizers on the stability and release of a prodrug of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol incorporated in poly (ethylene oxide) matrices.
PubMed: Iron sequestration on skin: a new route to improved deodorancy.
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PubMed: Investigation of the drug release and surface morphological properties of film-coated pellets, and physical, thermal and mechanical properties of free films as a function of various curing conditions.
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PubMed: The manufacture and characterisation of hot-melt extruded enteric tablets.
PubMed: Myotoxicity studies of O/W-in situ forming microparticle systems.
PubMed: Design and study of ibuprofen disintegrating sustained-release tablets comprising coated pellets.
PubMed: Effect of curing on water diffusivities in acrylate free films as measured via a sorption technique.
PubMed: Formulation and statistical optimization of a novel crosslinked polymeric anti-tuberculosis drug delivery system.
PubMed: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
PubMed: Controlled release multiparticulate beads coated with starch acetate: material characterization, and identification of critical formulation and process variables.
PubMed: Influence of processing parameters and formulation factors on the drug release from tablets powder-coated with Eudragit L 100-55.
PubMed: [Measurement of adhesive properties of polymers in vitro].
PubMed: Stability of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and leuprolide acetate in in-situ forming drug delivery systems.
PubMed: Influence of plasticizer level on the drug release from sustained release film coated and hot-melt extruded dosage forms.
PubMed: Relationship between drug dissolution and leaching of plasticizer for pellets coated with an aqueous Eudragit S100:L100 dispersion.
PubMed: Controlled release of a poorly water-soluble drug from hot-melt extrudates containing acrylic polymers.
PubMed: The influence of different plasticizers and polymers on the mechanical and thermal properties, porosity and drug permeability of free shellac films.
PubMed: Development of near zero-order release dosage forms using three-dimensional printing (3-DP) technology.
PubMed: Physicochemical properties of enteric films prepared from aqueous dispersions and organic solutions.
PubMed: Development and validation of a gradient HPLC method for the determination of clindamycin and related compounds in a novel tablet formulation.
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PubMed: Enhanced efficacy of triprolidine by transdermal application of the EVA matrix system in rabbits and rats.
PubMed: Asymmetric membrane capsules for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs by osmotic effects.
PubMed: Quantification of the leaching of triethyl citrate/polysorbate 80 mixtures from Eudragit RS films by differential scanning calorimetry.
PubMed: Compressibility of floating pellets with verapamil hydrochloride coated with dispersion Kollicoat SR 30 D.
PubMed: Antihistamine effects of triprolidine from the transdermal administration of the TPX matrix in rats.
PubMed: XEDS-mapping for explaining release patterns from single pellets.
PubMed: The effect of solvent interactions on alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin/flavor molecular inclusion complexes.
PubMed: Study of triethyl citrate migration from coating polymers to tablet cores.
PubMed: Properties of hot-melt extruded tablet formulations for the colonic delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
PubMed: Physical characterization of coupled poly(lactic acid)/starch/maleic anhydride blends plasticized by acetyl triethyl citrate.
PubMed: "Green" nanocomposites from cellulose acetate bioplastic and clay: effect of eco-friendly triethyl citrate plasticizer.
PubMed: Polymer blends used for the aqueous coating of solid dosage forms: importance of the type of plasticizer.
PubMed: Compression of pellets coated with various aqueous polymer dispersions.
PubMed: Biodegradable films of partly branched poly(l-lactide)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) copolymer: modulation of phase morphology, plasticization properties and thermal depolymerization.
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PubMed: Effect of curing conditions and plasticizer level on the release of highly lipophilic drug from coated multiparticulate drug delivery system.
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PubMed: Solid-state plasticization of an acrylic polymer with chlorpheniramine maleate and triethyl citrate.
PubMed: Alleviating effects of plant-derived fragrances on stress-induced hyperthermia in rats.
PubMed: Starch acetate--a novel film-forming polymer for pharmaceutical coatings.
PubMed: The influence of plasticizer on heat-humidity curing of cellulose acetate phthalate coated beads.
PubMed: Influence of plasticization time, curing conditions, storage time, and core properties on the drug release from Aquacoat-coated pellets.
PubMed: Acrylic resins as rate-controlling membranes in novel formulation of a nine-day 17beta-estradiol transdermal delivery system: in vitro and release modifier effect evaluation.
PubMed: Control and stability of drug release from diffusion pellets coated with the aqueous quaternary polymethacrylate dispersion Eudragit RS 30 D.
PubMed: Influence of film additives on stabilizing drug release rates from pellets coated with acrylic polymers.
PubMed: Drug release from and mechanical properties of press-coated tablets with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate and plasticizers in the outer shell.
PubMed: Formulation, characterization, and in vitro release of glyburide from proliposomal beads.
PubMed: Influence of curing on the adhesive and thermomechanical properties of an applied acrylic polymer.
PubMed: Release performance of a poorly soluble drug from a novel, Eudragit-based multi-unit erosion matrix.
PubMed: Physicomechanical properties of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) films in the dry and wet states.
PubMed: Controlled release of drugs from injectable in situ formed biodegradable PLGA microspheres: effect of various formulation variables.
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PubMed: Comparative studies with Kollicoat MAE 30 D and Kollicoat MAE 30 DP in aqueous spray dispersions and enteric coatings on highly swellable caffeine cores.
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PubMed: The effects of plasticizers on the release of metoprolol tartrate from granules coated with a polymethacrylate film.
PubMed: Variation of composition of an enteric formulation based on Kollicoat MAE 30 D.
PubMed: Aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersion containing plasticizers of different water solubility and hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose as coating material for diffusion pellets II: properties of sprayed films.
PubMed: Factors affecting membrane-controlled drug release for an osmotic pump tablet (OPT) utilizing (SBE)(7m)-beta-CD as both a solubilizer and osmotic agent.
PubMed: Tackiness of acrylic and cellulosic polymer films used in the coating of solid dosage forms.
PubMed: Dry coating: an innovative enteric coating method using a cellulose derivative.
PubMed: Influence of aqueous coatings on the stability of enteric coated pellets and tablets.
PubMed: Influence of plasticizers and drugs on the physical-mechanical properties of hydroxypropylcellulose films prepared by hot melt extrusion.
PubMed: Aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersions containing plasticizers of different water solubility and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as coating material for diffusion pellets. I. Drug release rates from coated pellets.
PubMed: Thermal and mechanical characterization of cellulose acetate phthalate films for pharmaceutical tablet coating: effect of humidity during measurements.
PubMed: Fabrication of multiunit controlled-release phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride tablets.
PubMed: Effects of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and ethylcellulose on alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification.
PubMed: Gas chromatographic determination of organic acids from fruit juices by combined resin mediated methylation and extraction in supercritical carbon dioxide.
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PubMed: An in vitro method to investigate food effects on drug release from film-coated beads.
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PubMed: Calcium alginate beads as core carriers of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
PubMed: Spontaneous formation of drug-containing acrylic nanoparticles.
PubMed: [Antiperspirants and deodorants--ingredients and evaluation].
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PubMed: Fluorometric documentation of increased cutaneous blood flow after topical application of a PGE2 analog in man.
PubMed: Nontoxic nerve guide tubes support neovascular growth in transected rat optic nerve.
PubMed: Synthesis and characterization of phosphocitric acid, a potent inhibitor of hydroxylapatite crystal growth.
PubMed: Mechanistic toxicology of triethyl citrate in cultured mammalian cells by cinematography.
PubMed: Mechanistic toxicology of triethyl citrate in mouse fibroblast cells by liquid scintillation techniques.
PubMed: Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives (effect of triethyl citrate).
PubMed: Toxicology of the citric acid esters: tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, and acetyl triethyl citrate.
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