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Category:flavoring agents and adjuvants, curing and pickling agents, flavor enhancers
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | colorless crystalline needles (est) |
| Assay: | 97.00 to 100.00
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Melting Point: | 200.00 to 207.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Boiling Point: | 237.00 to 238.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
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| PH Number: | 7.00
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| Vapor Pressure: | 0.016000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
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| logP (o/w): | -0.882 (est) |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol, slightly | | | water, 5.45E+05 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
| Insoluble in: |
| | ether | | | acetone |
| Similar Items:note |
| dextro,laevo-alanine |
| laevo-alanine |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor Type: odorless |
| Odor Strength:none |
| Odor Description:at 100.00 %. odorless |
| Flavor Type: sweet |
| sweet |
| Taste Description: slightly sweet taste |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| European information : |
| Most important hazard(s): | | None - None found. |
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
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| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | flavoring agents and adjuvants, curing and pickling agents, flavor enhancers |
| Recommendation for beta-alanine usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
|
| |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 360.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 13.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Structure Class: | I |
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 5 |
| Click here to view publication 5 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | - | 10.00000 |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 10.00000 |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | 10.00000 |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | - |
| condiments / relishes: | - | 10.00000 |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | - |
| fruit ices: | - | - |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | 10.00000 |
| hard candy: | - | - |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | 10.00000 |
| milk products: | - | 10.00000 |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | - |
| soups: | - | 10.00000 |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
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Amino acids from chemical group 34 Flavouring Group Evaluation 26, Revision 1 - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 29 (FGE29)[1] - Substance from the priority list: Vinylbenzene from chemical group 31 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 79, (FGE.79)[1] - Consideration of amino acids and related substances evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to amino acids from chemical group 34 evaluated by EFSA in FGE.26Rev1 (2008)
View page or View pdf
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Scientific Report of EFSA on the risk assessment of salts of authorised acids, phenols or alcohols for use in food contact materials [1]
View page or View pdf
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 96 (FGE.96): Consideration of 88 flavouring substances considered by EFSA for which EU production volumes / anticipated production volumes have been submitted on request by DG SANCO. Addendum to FGE. 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85 and 87.
View page or View pdf
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of the use of amino acids (chemical group 34) when used as flavourings for all animal species
View page or View pdf
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to beta-alanine and increase in physical performance during short-duration, high-intensity exercise pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
View page or View pdf
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Response to comments on the Scientific Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to beta-alanine and increased physical performance during short-duration, high-intensity exercise pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
View page or View pdf
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1 (FGE.49Rev1): xanthine alkaloids from the priority list
View page or View pdf
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| EPI System: View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov:search |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):107-95-9 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :239 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| WGK Germany:1 |
| 3-aminopropanoic acid |
| Chemidplus:0000107959 |
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | abufene | | b- | alanine | | | alanine, beta | | 3- | amino-propanoic acid | | 3- | aminopropanoic acid | | b- | aminopropanoic acid | | 3- | aminopropionic acid | | beta- | aminopropionic acid | | 3- | aminopropionsaeure | | | BALA | | | propanoic acid, 3-amino- |
Articles:
| PubMed:The effects of six weeks of supplementation with multi-ingredient performance supplements and resistance training on anabolic hormones, body composition, strength, and power in resistance-trained men. |
| PubMed:Molecular and sensory characterization of gamma-glutamyl peptides as key contributors to the kokumi taste of edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). |
| PubMed:Role of phosphate and carboxylate ions in maillard browning. |
| PubMed:Development and validation of a sub-minute capillary zone electrophoresis method for determination of nitrate and nitrite in baby foods. |
| PubMed:A comparison of results of the US food and drug administration's mini-sentinel program with randomized clinical trials: the case of gastrointestinal tract bleeding with dabigatran. |
| PubMed:Advantages and limitations of the new anticoagulants. |
| PubMed:Effects of 8 weeks of Xpand® 2X pre workout supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, lean body mass, and strength in resistance trained males. |
| PubMed:Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates (Haptophyta). |
| PubMed:Novel oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery. |
| PubMed:The promise of pharmacoepidemiology in helping clinicians assess drug risk. |
| PubMed:Novel oral anticoagulants: a review of new agents. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran-dronedarone interaction in a spontaneous reporting system. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran and kidney disease: a bad combination. |
| PubMed:Balancing the benefits and risks of 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:The effects of phytic acid on the Maillard reaction and the formation of acrylamide. |
| PubMed:Cycads and their association with certain neurodegenerative diseases. |
| PubMed:Extracorporeal therapy for dabigatran removal in the treatment of acute bleeding: a single center experience. |
| PubMed:The new oral anticoagulants in clinical practice. |
| PubMed:[Direct oral thrombin inhibitor, "dabigatran"]. |
| PubMed:Novel oral anticoagulants: clinical pharmacology, indications and practical considerations. |
| PubMed:An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots. |
| PubMed:Moving toward a more ideal anticoagulant: the oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. |
| PubMed:The reply. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran: a nephrological way out. |
| PubMed:Lipid components and water soluble metabolites in salted and dried tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) roes. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran and postmarketing reports of bleeding. |
| PubMed:A new era of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: implications in clinical practice. |
| PubMed:Recent advances in antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:Novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:Novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: dawn of a new era. |
| PubMed:Review of recently approved alternatives to anticoagulation with warfarin for emergency clinicians. |
| PubMed:Basal leptin regulates amino acid uptake in polarized Caco-2 cells. |
| PubMed:Positive outcome after intentional overdose of dabigatran. |
| PubMed:Comparing new anticoagulants. |
| PubMed:The effects of six weeks of supplementation with multi-ingredient performance supplements and resistance training on anabolic hormones, body composition, strength, and power in resistance-trained men. |
| PubMed:[Laboratory diagnostic with regard to new anticoagulants - monitoring and influence on coagulation tests]. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention with atrial fibrillation: experience in Hong Kong. |
| PubMed:Effects of Six Weeks of β-alanine Administration on VO(2) max, Time to Exhaustion and Lactate Concentrations in Physical Education Students. |
| PubMed:The safety risks of innovation: the FDA's Expedited Drug Development Pathway. |
| PubMed:[The new anticoagulants - their role in secondary prevention of thromboembolism after stroke]. |
| PubMed:[Clinical management of the new anticoagulants]. |
| PubMed:Complications of anticoagulation. |
| PubMed:Fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage after a single dose of dabigatran. |
| PubMed:Self-assembly of a peptide amphiphile containing L-carnosine and its mixtures with a multilamellar vesicle forming lipid. |
| PubMed:Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade associated with dabigatran use. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in the elderly: a RE-LY-able alternative to warfarin? |
| PubMed:Acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in a patient taking dabigatran with radiographic evidence of recanalization. |
| PubMed:New oral anticoagulants: will they replace warfarin? |
| PubMed:An audience with... Gregory Lip. Interview by Asher Mullard. |
| PubMed:The Food and Drug Administration decision not to approve the 110 mg dose of dabigatran: give us a way out. |
| PubMed:Novel direct factor IIa and Xa inhibitors: mechanisms of action and preclinical studies. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran: a new chapter in anticoagulation. |
| PubMed:Chemoinformatic identification of novel inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-aspartate α-decarboxylase. |
| PubMed:Use of direct thrombin inhibitor for treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran or warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation? A closer look at the RE-LY trial. |
| PubMed:Improving prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism: clinical trial results. |
| PubMed:A new generation of oral direct anticoagulants. |
| PubMed:Leptin regulates sugar and amino acids transport in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. |
| PubMed:Determination of nonprotein amino acids and betaines in vegetable oils by flow injection triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: a screening method for the detection of adulterations of olive oils. |
| PubMed:[Pharmacologic heterogeneity of new anticoagulants]. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran use in a postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and heparin-PF4 antibodies. |
| PubMed:Spontaneous splenic hemorrhage after initiation of dabigatran (Pradaxa) for atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:Pharmacological basis and clinical evidence of dabigatran therapy. |
| PubMed:Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity. |
| PubMed:Role of curcumin in the conversion of asparagine into acrylamide during heating. |
| PubMed:[Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: a new era has begun]. |
| PubMed:Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in age-related neurodegeneration: prevalence related to patient selection, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic treatment of aged clients receiving clinical neurology and community-based care. |
| PubMed:Clinical pharmacology basis of deriving dosing recommendations for dabigatran in patients with severe renal impairment. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation patients with severe renal impairment: dose identification using pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran: review of pharmacology and management of bleeding complications of this novel oral anticoagulant. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran in atrial fibrillation: pharmacology and clinical trials. |
| PubMed:New anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:New oral anticoagulants and outpatient prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. |
| PubMed:New options for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:Anticoagulant options--why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. |
| PubMed:Place of dabigatran in contemporary pharmacotherapy. |
| PubMed:New drug offers warfarin alternative for atrial fibrillation. An immediate switch is right for some people, but not necessary for all. |
| PubMed:The effect of germination on antioxidant and nutritional parameters of protein isolates from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seeds. |
| PubMed:Tuning the self-assembly of the bioactive dipeptide L-carnosine by incorporation of a bulky aromatic substituent. |
| PubMed:South African experts comment on FDA approval of dabigatran in atrial fibrillation. |
| PubMed:Dabigatran emerges as safe and effective warfarin alternative. The recently approved drug is more expensive, but appears to be more predictable. |
| PubMed:Stroke in atrial fibrillation--hope on the horizon? |
| PubMed:3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, a novel nonvolatile water-soluble antimicrobial sulfur compound in heated garlic. |
| PubMed:Drug and dietary interactions of the new and emerging oral anticoagulants. |
| PubMed:Conversion of 3-aminopropionamide and 3-alkylaminopropionamides into acrylamide in model systems. |
| PubMed:The effect of taurine, a novel biochemical modulator, on the antitumor activity of doxorubicin. |
| PubMed:Fluorometric determination of pantothenic acid in human urine by isocratic reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. |
| PubMed:Profiling histidine dipeptides in plasma and urine after ingesting beef, chicken or chicken broth in humans. |
| PubMed:Intestinal absorption and blood clearance of L-histidine-related compounds after ingestion of anserine in humans and comparison to anserine-containing diets. |
| PubMed:Pharmacokinetic study of S-1. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of the botanical origin of estonian uni- and polyfloral honeys by amino acid content. |
| PubMed:Determination of total phosphorus in soya food samples by capillary isotachophoresis (cITP). |
| PubMed:Functional food for exercise performance: fact or foe? |
| PubMed:Identification and monitoring of intermediates and products in the acrylamide pathway using online analysis. |
| PubMed:Determination of acrylamide during roasting of coffee. |
| PubMed:Creatine supplementation augments skeletal muscle carnosine content in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). |
| PubMed:Molecular and sensory characterization of gamma-glutamyl peptides as key contributors to the kokumi taste of edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). |
| PubMed:Influence of sulfur fertilization on the amounts of free amino acids in wheat. correlation with baking properties as well as with 3-aminopropionamide and acrylamide generation during baking. |
| PubMed:Extraction and separation of water-soluble proteins from different wheat species by acidic capillary electrophoresis. |
| PubMed:Changes in the free amino acid contents of honeys during storage at ambient temperature. |
| PubMed:Characterization and kinetic analysis of enzyme-substrate recognition by three recombinant lactococcal PepVs. |
| PubMed:Thermally generated 3-aminopropionamide as a transient intermediate in the formation of acrylamide. |
| PubMed:Impact of extraction conditions on the content of acrylamide in model systems and food. |
| PubMed:Determination of domoic acid by on-line coupled capillary isotachophoresis with capillary zone electrophoresis. |
| PubMed:Mechanistic pathways of formation of acrylamide from different amino acids. |
| PubMed:The neurotransmitters glycine and GABA stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the GLUTag cell line. |
| PubMed:The role of creatine in the generation of N-methylacrylamide: a new toxicant in cooked meat. |
| PubMed:Quantitation of 3-aminopropionamide in potatoes-a minor but potent precursor in acrylamide formation. |
| PubMed:Neurotoxic effects of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) and fluoroacetic acid (FA) on dogs. |
| PubMed:Effect of central administration of carnosine and its constituents on behaviors in chicks. |
| PubMed:Role of phosphate and carboxylate ions in maillard browning. |
| PubMed:Determination of organic acids in tobacco by capillary isotachophoresis. |
| PubMed:Electrochemical study of the Maillard reaction. |
| PubMed:Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a thermostable N-carbamoyl- l-amino acid amidohydrolase from Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC11223. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of Kluyveromyces marxianus as a source of yeast autolysates. |
| PubMed:Characterization of an alanine racemase gene from Lactobacillus reuteri. |
| PubMed:Attenuation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by betaine or taurine in rats. |
| PubMed:Immunohistochemical localization of insulin in pancreatic beta-cells of taurine-supplemented or taurine-depleted diabetic rats. |
| PubMed:Effect of taurine and beta-alanine on morphological changes of pancreas in streptozotocin-induced rats. |
| PubMed:In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine. |
| PubMed:Molecular characterization and regulation of the aguBA operon, responsible for agmatine utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. |
| PubMed:Determination of five pesticide residues in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography to estimate daily intake of consumers. |
| PubMed:Determination of fumaric acid in apple juice by on-line coupled capillary isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection. |
| PubMed:Quantification of free and bound pantothenic acid in foods and blood plasma by a stable isotope dilution assay. |
| PubMed:Evaluation of radical products from beta-alanine/sugar mixtures by use of GC-MS with the galvinoxyl radical. |
| PubMed:Fumonisin B1 induces apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes through sphinganine accumulation and ceramide depletion. |
| PubMed:Volatile components formed from reaction of sugar and beta-alanine as a model system of cookie processing. |
| PubMed:Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites following oral administration in cancer patients. |
| PubMed:Influence of dietary β-alanine and histidine on the oxidative stability of pork. |
| PubMed:Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 8. Antiplatelet activity and oral antithrombotic efficacy of L-734,217. |
| PubMed:beta-Alanine protects against taurine and NaCl--induced hypernatremia in the rat. |
| PubMed:Depletion of feline taurine levels by beta-alanine and dietary taurine restriction. |
| PubMed:Rapid gas chromatographic screening of edible seeds, nuts and beans for non-protein and protein amino acids. |
| PubMed:Analysis of free amino acids in green coffee beans. I. Determination of amino acids after precolumn derivatization using 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate. |
| PubMed:Detection of lectin activity on western blots using erythrocytes. |
| PubMed:Excitotoxins in foods. |
| PubMed:Reduction of liver taurine in rats by beta-alanine treatment increases carbon tetrachloride toxicity. |
| PubMed:Influence of casein and soy flour proteins on aminoacid content in the liver of experimental animals. |
| PubMed:Excitotoxicity in the embryonic chick spinal cord. |
| PubMed:Uphill transport of beta-alanine in intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. |
| PubMed:Changes in taurine in aging fruit flies and mice. |
| PubMed:L-alanine: 4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas riboflavina: purification and inactivation by methylglyoxal. |
| PubMed:Stereospecific acute neuronotoxicity of 'uncommon' plant amino acids linked to human motor-system diseases. |
| PubMed:Amino acid analysis for meat protein evaluation. |
| PubMed:Isotachophoretic determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in salad dressing, mayonnaise, and margarine. |
| PubMed:Gustatory responses of eel palatine receptors to amino acids and carboxylic acids. |
| PubMed:Influence of beta-alanine on mating and territorialism in Drosophila melanogaster. |
| PubMed:Immunocytoma effect upon circadian variation in murine urinary excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. |
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an amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. a rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported. Widely distributed in plants including algae, fungi and many higher plants. Flavouring ingredient
Beta-alanine is the only naturally occurring beta-amino acid - the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B-5) which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.; Even though much weaker than glycine (and thus with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), ?-alanine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligant glycine itself, for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: glycine >> ?-alanine > taurine >> alanine, L-serine > proline).; L-Histidine, with a pKa of 6.1 is a relatively weak buffer over the physiological intramuscular pH range. However, when bound to other amino acids this increases nearer to 6.8-7.0. In particular, when bound to ?-alanine the pKa value is 6.83, making this a very efficient intramuscular buffer. Furthermore, because of the position of the beta amino group, ?-alanine dipeptides are not incorporated proteins and thus can be stored at relatively high concentrations (millimolar). Occurring at 17-25 mmol/kg (dry muscle), carnosine (?-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres.; ?-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which are amino acids in which the amino group is at the ?-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., two atoms away, see Figure 1). The IUPAC name for ?-alanine would be 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike its normal counterpart, L-?-alanine, ?-alanine has no chiral center.; ?-Alanine is not used in the biosynthesis of any major proteins or enzymes. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, ?-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid.
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3D/inchi